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The Visceral Nervous System

The Visceral Nervous System. SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu. The Visceral Nervous System. Composition Visceral motor nerves (autonomic nervous system) Sympathetic part Parasympathetic part Visceral sensory nerves. Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System.

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The Visceral Nervous System

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  1. The Visceral Nervous System SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu

  2. The Visceral Nervous System Composition • Visceral motor nerves (autonomic nervous system) • Sympathetic part • Parasympathetic part • Visceral sensory nerves

  3. Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

  4. Main Differences Between Somatic Motor and Visceral Motor n.

  5. Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

  6. Somatic Skeletal muscle Conscious and unconscious movement Skeletal muscle contracts One synapse Acetylcholine Autonomic Smooth and cardiac muscle and glands Unconscious regulation Target tissues stimulated or inhibited Two synapses Acetylcholine by preganglionic neurons and ACh or norepinephrine by postganglionic neurons Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System

  7. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Striated muscle ACh AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Heart Sm. mus. Glands Sympathetic ACh NE Sweat glands ACh ACh E, NE ACh Ad. M.   Heart Sm. mus. Glands Parasympathetic ACh ACh Neurotransmitters

  8. Sympathetic Part • Lower center:located in intermediolateral nucleus (lateral gray horn) of spinal cord segments T1~L3 • Sympathetic ganglia • Paravertebral ganglia • Prevertebral ganglia

  9. Paravertebral Ganglia • Arranged on either side of vertebral column • Consist of 19~22 of oval-shaped ganglia • 3 cervical • 10~12 thoracic • 4 lumbar • 2~3 sacral • Ganglion impar : unpaired on the anterior face of coccyx

  10. Paravertebral Ganglia • Superior cervical ganglion: largest, situated in front of transverse processes of C1~C3 vertebra • Middle cervical ganglion: smallest, is at level of transverse processes of C6 vertebra • Inferior cervical ganglion: situated at level of C7 vertebra, and may be fused with first thoracic ganglion to form cervicothoracic ganglion

  11. Paravertebral Ganglia

  12. Sympathetic Trunk • Formed by paravertebral ganglia and interganglionic branches • Lie on either side of vertebral column from base of skull to coccyx • The trunks of two side unite in front of the coccyx at a small swelling, the ganglion impar

  13. Prevertebral Ganglia • Lie anterior to vertebral column and near the arteries for which they are named • Celiac ganglion • Aorticorenal ganglion • Superior mesenteric ganglion • Inferior mesenteric ganglion

  14. Preganglionic Fibers 15 pairs white communicating branches Preganglionic fibers Sympathetic trunk (only spinal levels T1~L3 have white communicating branch)

  15. Three Fates of Preganglionic Fibers 1. Relay in corresponding ganglion 2. Ascend or descend in sympathetic trunk and relay in higher or lower ganglia 3. Pass without synapse to a prevertebral ganglion for relay

  16. Preganglionic Fibers • Greater splanchnic nerveformed by preganglionic fibers from T5~T9 ganglia, and relay in celiac ganglion. • Lesser splanchnic nerveformed by preganglionic fibers from T10~T12 ganglia, and relay in aorticorenal ganglion. • The postganglionic fibers supply the liver, spleen, kidney and alimentary tract as far as the left colic flexure.

  17. Preganglionic Fibers • Lumbar splanchnic nerve • Formed by preganglionic fibers from L1~L4 ganglia, and relay in prevertebral ganglia. • The postganglionic fibers supply descending and sigmoid colon, rectum, pelvic viscera and lower limbs.

  18. Three Fates of Postganglionic Fibers • Back to a spinal nerve along gray communicating branches to terminate in blood vessels, arrector pili muscles and sweat glands of head, neck, trunk and limbs • The fibers form their networks around blood vessels passing to visceral end organs • Terminate directly in certain organs

  19. Postganglionic Fibers

  20. Distribution of Sympathetic Nerve

  21. Parasympathetic Part • Lower center: located in four pairs parasympathetic nuclei in brain stem and in sacral parasympathetic nucleus of spinal cord segments S2~S4 • Parasympathetic ganglia: terminal ganglia are near or within the wall of a visceral organ • Para-organ ganglia • Ciliary ganglion • Pterygopalatine ganglion • Submandibular ganglion • Otic ganglion • Intra-organ ganglia

  22. Cranial Portion of Parasympathetic Nerve Ⅲ sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles ciliary ganglion lacrimal gland Ⅶ pterygopalatine ganglion sublingual gland submandibular gland Ⅸ submandibular ganglion parotid gland Ⅹ otic ganglion heart, lungs, liver, spleen kidneys,alimentary tract asfar asleft colic flexure terminal ganglia

  23. Cranial Portion of Parasympathetic Nerve Ⅲ accessory oculomotor nucleus 〈○ sphincter pupillae and ciliary muscles ciliary ganglion pterygopalatine ganglion Ⅶ 〈○ lacrimal gland superior salivatory nucleus 〈○sublingual gland submandibular ganglion submandibular gland Ⅸ inferior salivator nucleus 〈○ parotid gland otic ganglion Ⅹ heart, lungs, liver, spleen, dorsal nucleus of vagus n. 〈○ kidneys,alimentary tract terminal ganglia asfar asleft colic flexure

  24. Sacral Portion of Parasympathetic Nerve • Preganglionic fibers from sacral parasympathetic nucleus leave spinal cord with anterior roots of the spinal nerves S2~S4, • Then leave sacral nerves and form pelvic splanchnic nerve and travel by way of pelvic plexus to terminal ganglia in pelvic cavity • Postganglionic fibers terminate in descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and pelvic viscera

  25. Main Differences Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

  26. Main Differences Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

  27. Main Differences Between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

  28. FUNCTION OF THE IRIS Sympathetic neurone Low light:- iris dilates Dilator pupillae Sphincter pupillae Normal light Pupil Parasympathetic neurone Bright light:- iris constricts Ganglion

  29. Visceral Plexuses • Cardiac plexuses • Superficial , below aortic arch • Deep, anterior to bifurcation of trachea • Pulmonary plexus

  30. Visceral Plexuses • Celiac plexus • Abdominal aortic plexus • Hypogastric plexus • Superior hypogastric plexus • Inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus)

  31. Visceral Sensory Nerves Nucleus of solitary tract Ⅶ，Ⅸ, Ⅹ Thalamus Cerebral cortex Enteroceptors Hypothalamus Posterior horn Effectors Sympathetic nerve Pelvic splanchnic nerve Somatic motor neurons visceral motor neuclei

  32. Referred Pain • Pain originating from organs perceived as coming from skin • Site of pain may be distant from organ

  33. Referred Pain Convergence theory: • This type of referred pain occurs because both visceral and somatic afferents often converge on the same interneurons in the pain pathways. • Excitation of the somatic afferent fibers is the more usual source of afferent discharge, so we “refer” the location of visceral receptor activation to the somatic source even though in the case of visceral pain. • The perception is incorrect. The convergence of nociceptor input from the viscera and the skin.

  34. Referred Pain

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