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Visceral Nervous System. 内脏神经系. The Visceral Nervous System. Composition Visceral motor nerves (autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统 ) Visceral sensory nerves. Sympathetic part 交感神经 Parasympathetic part 副交感神经. Visceral motor nerves. 内脏运动神经. postganglionic fiber.
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Visceral Nervous System 内脏神经系
The Visceral Nervous System Composition Visceral motor nerves (autonomic nervous system自主神经系统) Visceral sensory nerves • Sympathetic part 交感神经 • Parasympathetic part 副交感神经
Visceral motor nerves 内脏运动神经
postganglionic fiber preganglionic neuron preganglionic fiber postganglionic neuron
Sympathetic part交感部 • Lower center低级中枢located in lateral horn of gray mater of spinal cord in segments T1~L3 • The peripheral part of sympathatic part • Sympathetic ganglia交感神经节 Prevertebral ganglia • --椎旁节 • Paravertebral ganglia • --椎前节
Paravertebral ganglia椎旁节 Position: Arranged on either side of vertebral column Number: Consist of 19~22 ganglia • cervical ganglia :3 • thoracic ganglia: 10~12 • lumbar ganglia: 4 • sacral ganglia: 2~3 • Coccygeal ganglion (Ganglion impar奇神经节)1 unpaired on the anterior face of coccyx
Superior cervical ganglion Middle cervical ganglion inferior cervical ganglion
Sympathetic trunk交感干 Formation: It is formed by paravertebral ganglia and interganglionic branches Position: • lie on either side of vertebral column from base of skull to coccyx • The trunks of two side unite at the ganglion impar in front of the coccyx
Prevertebral ganglia 椎前节 • Lie anterior to vertebral column and near the arteries • Celiac ganglion腹腔神经节 • Aorticorenal ganglion 主动脉肾节 • Superior mesenteric ganglion肠系膜上神经节 • Inferior mesenteric ganglion 肠系膜下神经节
The communicating branches交通支 White communicating branches白交通支 • preganglionic fibers • (myelinated) sent out by the • nurons of the lateral horn; • 15 pairs in number (T1—L3) Gray communicating branches 灰交通支 • postganglionic unmyelinated • fibers sent by the neurons of • paravertebral ganglia, • 31 pairs in number.
preganglionic fibers节前纤维 • They pass to sympathatic trunk via white communicating branches and terminate in 3 ways: • Some fibers synapse with neurons in the corresponding paravertebral ganglion; • Some fibers pass up or down in sympathatic trunkbefore terminating in the paravertebral ganglion; • The others pass through the paravertebral ganglion and terminate in prevertebral ganglion via the splanchnic n.
postganglionic fibers节后纤维 • They also terminate in 3 ways: • Some fibers pass through the gray communicating branches to spinal n. and to the peripheral blood vessels,sweat gland and arrectores pilorum;
postganglionic fibers节后纤维 • surrounding the artery as a layer of nervous plexus to innervate the corresponding organs; • terminating directly in the certain organs
The general distribution of sympathatic nerve • The cervical part of sympathatic trunk • The postganglionic fibers pass through the gray communicating branches to 8 cervical nerves and distribute the head, neck and upper limb(blood vessels, sweat gland and arrector pilorum); • The fibers surround the internal and external carotid arteries to innervate the glands of the head and neck, the dilator pupillae;
The general distribution of sympathatic nerve • The cervical part of sympathatic trunk • Send out cardiac branches to heart (to form the cardiac plexus with cardiac branch of vagus n.) send out pharyngeal branch to the pharynx
The thoracic part of sympathatic trunk • Greater splanchnic nerve 内脏大神经 formed by preganglionic fibers from T5~T9 ganglia, and relay in celiac ganglion. • Lesser splanchnic nerve • 内脏小神经 • formed by preganglionic fibers from T10~T12 ganglia, and relay in aorticorenal ganglion.
The thoracic part of sympathatic trunk • The postganglionic fibers supply the liver, spleen, kidney and alimentary tract as far as the left colic flexure.
Lumbar splanchnic nerve 腰内脏神经 Formed by preganglionic fibers from L1~L4 ganglia, and relay in prevertebral ganglia. • The postganglionic fibers supply descending and sigmoid colon, rectum, pelvic viscera and lower limbs.
Parasympathetic par副交感部 • Lower center 低级中枢: • four pairs parasympathetic nuclei in brain stem • in sacral parasympathetic nucleus of spinal cord in segments S2~S4
Parasympathetic part 副交感部 Parasympathetic ganglia 副交感神经节: • terminal ganglia are near or within the wall of a visceral organ • Para-organ ganglia 器官旁节: • Ciliary ganglion睫状神经节 • Pterygopalatine ganglion 翼腭神经节 • Submandibular ganglion 下颌下神经节 • Otic ganglion耳神经节 • Intramural ganglia 壁内节
Cranial portion 颅部 sphincter pupillae and ciliary mscles 〈 ○ 〈○ 〈○ ciliary ganglion accessory oculomotor nucleus Ⅲ pterygopalatine ganglion superior salivatory nucleus Ⅶ lacrimal gland submandibulargland Sublingual gland Submandibular ganglion
Cranial portion 颅部 inferior salivatorynucleus Ⅸ parotid gland 〈○ otic ganglion heart, lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys,alimen-tary tract asfar asleft colic flexure Ⅹ dorsal nucleus of vagus n 〈○ terminal ganglia
Pelvic splanchnic n. Sacraln. Synapse with terminal ganglia Pelvic plexus Postganglionic fibers Sacral portion骶部 sacral parasympathetic nucleus S2-S4 supply the descending and sigmoid colon, rectum and pelvic viscera
Visceral plexuses • Cardiac plexuses心丛 - Superficial , below aortic arch - Deep, anterior to bifurcation on trachea • Pulmonary plexus肺丛 • Celiac plexus腹腔丛 • Abdominal aortic plexus 腹主动脉丛 • Hypogastric plexus腹下丛 Superior hypogastric plexus Inferior hypogastric plexus (pelvic plexus)
Pterygopalatine ganglion Submandibular ganglion