Comprehensive Guide to Solar and Bio Energy Sources and Management

1. ENERGYSOURCESANDMANAGEMENTOFELECTRICALENERGY SUBMITTED BY Mr. Manish Aggarwal HOD in EE

2. TOPICS • Presentscenario,futureprospectsandeconomiccriteria • Solarenergy • Bioenergy • Windenergy • Geo-thermalandtidalenergy • Magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)Powergeneration • Chemicalenergysources • Energyconservationandmanagement

3. 1)PRESENTSCENARIO

4. FUTUREENERGYSCENARIO

5. 2)SOLARENERGY  SolarenergyisradiantlightandheatfromtheSunthatisharnessedusingarangeofever-evolvingtechnologiessuchassolar heating,photo voltaics,solar thermal energy,solararchitecture,moltensaltpowerplantsandartificial photosynthesis.  Itisanimportantsourceofrenewable energyanditstechnologiesarebroadlycharacterizedaseitherpassive solaroractive solar dependingonhowtheycaptureanddistributesolarenergyorconvertitintosolar power.Activesolartechniquesincludetheuseofphotovoltaicsystems,concentrated solar powerandsolar water heatingtoharnesstheenergy.PassivesolartechniquesincludeorientingabuildingtotheSun,selectingmaterialswith Favorablethermal massorlight-dispersingproperties,anddesigningspacesthatnaturallycirculate air.  Thelargemagnitudeofsolarenergyavailablemakesitahighlyappealingsourceofelectricity.TheUnited Nations Development Programinits2000WorldEnergyAssessmentfoundthattheannualpotentialofsolarenergywas1,575–49,837exa joules(EJ).Thisisseveraltimeslargerthanthetotalworld energy consumption,whichwas559.8EJin2012.  In2011,theInternational Energy Agencysaidthat"thedevelopmentofaffordable,inexhaustibleandcleansolarenergytechnologieswillhavehugelonger-termbenefits.Itwillincrease countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostlyimport-independentresource,enhancesustainability,reducepollution,lowerthecostsofmitigatingglobal warming,andkeepfossil fuelpriceslowerthanotherwise.Theseadvantagesareglobal.Hencetheadditionalcostsoftheincentivesforearlydeploymentshouldbeconsideredlearninginvestments;theymustbewiselyspentandneedtobewidelyshared“

6. HOWSOLARENERGYCONVERTEDINTOELECTRICAL ENERGY  Lightstrikingasiliconsemiconductorcauseselectronstoflow,creatingelectricity.Solarpowergeneratingsystemstakeadvantageofthispropertytoconvertsunlightdirectlyintoelectricalenergy.  Solar panels (also called “solar modules“) produce direct current (DC),whichgoesthroughapowerinvertertobecomealternatingcurrent(AC)— electricitythatwecanuseinthehomeoroffice,likethatsuppliedbyautilitypowercompany. Therearetwotypesofsolarpowergeneratingsystems:grid-connectedsystems,whichareconnectedtothecommercialpowerinfrastructure;andstand-alonesystems,whichfeedelectricitytoafacilityforimmediateuse,ortoabatteryforstorage. Grid-connectedsystemsareusedforhomes,publicfacilitiessuchasschoolsandhospitals,andcommercialfacilitiessuchasofficesandshoppingcenters.Electricitygeneratedduringthedaytimecanbeusedrightaway,andinsomecasessurpluselectricitycanbesoldtotheutilitypowercompany.Ifthesystemdoesn’t generate enough electricity, or generates none at all (for example,onacloudyorrainyday,oratnight)electricityispurchasedfromtheutilitypowercompany.Powerproductionlevelsandsurplussellingcanbecheckedinrealtimeonamonitor,aneffectivewaytogaugedailyenergyconsumption. Stand-alonesystemsareusedinavarietyofapplications,includingemergencypowersupplyandremotepowerwheretraditionalinfrastructureisunavailable.

7. APPLICATIONOFSOLARENERGY Solarwaterheater Solarfurnaces

8. APPLICATIONOFSOLARENERGY Solarcooker Solarpumping

9. 3)BIO-ENERGY  Bioenergyisrenewable energymadeavailablefrommaterialsderivedfrombiologicalsources.Biomassisanyorganicmaterialwhichhasstoredsunlightintheformofchemicalenergy.Asafuelitmayincludewood,woodwaste,straw,manure,sugarcane,andmanyotherby-productsfromavarietyofagriculturalprocesses.By2010,therewas35GW(47,000,000hp)ofgloballyinstalledbioenergycapacityforelectricitygeneration,ofwhich7GW(9,400,000hp)wasintheUnited States.  Initsmostnarrowsenseitisasynonymtobiofuel,whichisfuel derivedfrombiologicalsources.Initsbroadersenseit includesbiomass,thebiologicalmaterialusedasabiofuel,aswellasthesocial,economic,scientificandtechnicalfieldsassociatedwithusingbiologicalsourcesforenergy.Thisisacommonmisconception,asbioenergyistheenergyextractedfromthebiomass,asthebiomassisthefuelandthebioenergyistheenergycontainedinthefuel  ThereisaslighttendencyforthewordbioenergytobefavouredinEuropecomparedwithbiofuelinAmerica

10. METHODSOFGENERATINGENERGY FROMBIOMASS  Combustion Themostobviouswayofextractingenergyfrombiomass,thetechnologyofdirectcombustioniswellunderstood,straightforwardandcommerciallyavailable. Combustionsystemscomeinawiderangeofshapesandsizesburningvirtuallyanykindoffuel,fromchickenmanureandstrawbalestotreetrunks,municipalrefuseandscraptyres.Someofthewaysinwhichheatfromburningwastesiscurrentlyusedincludespaceandwaterheating,industrialprocessingandelectricitygeneration.Oneproblemwiththismethodisitsverylowefficiency.Withanopenfiremostoftheheatiswastedandisnotusedtocookorwhatever.Onemethodofimprovingthisindevelopingcountriesistobuildstovesoutofmudandscrapiron.  Pyrolysis Awiderangeofenergy-richfuelscanbeproducedbyroastingdrywoodymatterlikestrawandwoodchips.Theprocesshasbeenusedforcenturiestoproducecharcoal.Thematerialispulverisedorshreddedthenfedintoareactorvesselandheatedintheabsenceofair.Pyrolysiscanalsobecarriedoutinthepresenceofasmallquantityofoxygen('gasification'),water('steamgasification')orhydrogen('hydrogenation').Oneofthemostusefulproductsismethane,whichisasuilablefuelforelectricitygenerationusinghigh-efficiencygasturbines.

11.  AnaerobicDigestion Biogasisproducedwhenwetsewagesludge,animaldungorgreenplantsareallowedtodecomposeinasealedtankunderanaerobic(oxygen-free)conditions.Feedstockslikewoodshavings,strawandrefusemaybeused,butdigestiontakesmuchlonger.Eachkilogramoforganicmaterial(dryweight)canbeexpectedtoyield450-500litresofbiogas.Theresidueleftafterdigestionisapotentiallyvaluablefertilizerorcompost.Fermentation:Ethanol(ethylalcohol)isproducedbythefermentationofsugarsolutionbynaturalyeasts.Suitablefeedstocksincludecrushedsugarbeetandfruit.Sugarscanalsobemanufacturedfromvegetablestarchesandcellulosebypulpingandcooking,orfromcellulosebymilingandtreatmentwithhotacid. Afterabout30hoursoffermentation,thebrewcantains6-10percentalcohol,whichcanberemovedbydistillationasafuel.  Gasification Thisprocess,usuallyusingwoodproducesaflammablegasmixtureofhydrogen,carbonmonoxide,methaneandothernonflammablebyproducts.Thisisdonebypartiallyburningandpartiallyheatingthebiomass(usingtheheatfromthelimitedburning)inthepresenceofcharcoal(anaturalby-productofburningbiomass).Thegascanbeusedinsteadofpetrolandreducesthepoweroutputofthecarby40%.Itisalsopossiblethatinthefuturethisfuelcouldbeamajorsourceofenergyforpowerstations.  Fermentation Ifthebiomassusedis(orcanbeconvertedinto)mostlysugar,thenyeastcanbeadded.Thefermentationthatfollowsproducesalcoholwhichisaveryhighenergyfuelthatmakesitverypracticleforuseincars.ThishasbeentriedsuccesfullyinBrazil.

12. WETANDDRYPROCESSES

13. 4)WINDENERGY  Windpoweristheuseofair flowthroughwind turbinestomechanically powergeneratorsforelectric power.Windpower,asanalternativetoburningfossil fuels,isplentiful,renewable, widelydistributed,clean,producesnogreenhouse gasemissionsduringoperation,consumesnowater,anduseslittleland.Theneteffects on the environmentarefarlessproblematicthanthoseofnonrenewable powersources.  Wind farmsconsistofmanyindividualwindturbines,whichareconnectedtotheelectric powertransmissionnetwork.Onshorewindisaninexpensivesourceofelectricpower,competitivewithorinmanyplacescheaperthancoalorgasplants.Offshorewindissteadierandstrongerthanonland,andoffshore farmshavelessvisualimpact,butconstructionandmaintenancecostsareconsiderablyhigher.Smallonshorewindfarmscanfeedsomeenergyintothegridorprovideelectricpowertoisolatedoff-gridlocations.  Windpowergivesvariable power,whichisveryconsistentfromyeartoyearbuthassignificantvariationovershortertimescales.Itisthereforeusedinconjunctionwithotherelectric powersourcestogiveareliablesupply.Astheproportionofwindpowerinaregionincreases,aneedtoupgradethegrid,andaloweredabilitytosupplantconventionalproductioncan occur.Power-managementtechniquessuchashavingexcesscapacity,geographically distributedturbines,dispatchable backingsources,sufficienthydroelectric power,exportingandimportingpowertoneighboringareas,orreducingdemandwhenwindproductionislow,caninmanycasesovercometheseproblems.Inaddition,weather forecastingpermitstheelectric-powernetworktobereadiedforthepredictablevariationsinproductionthatoccur.  Asof2015,Denmark generates40%ofitselectricpowerfromwind,andatleast83othercountriesaroundtheworldareusingwindpowertosupplytheirelectricpowergrids.In2014,globalwindpowercapacityexpanded16%to369,553MW.Yearlywindenergyproductionisalsogrowingrapidlyandhasreachedaround4%ofworldwideelectricpowerusage,11.4%intheEU.

14. WINDENERGYCONVERSIONSYSTEM  Awindenergyconversionsystemincludesupperandlowerwindturbineshavingcounter-rotatingbladeassembliessupportedforrotationaboutaverticalrotationaxis,witheachbladeassemblycarryingarotorforrotationpastastatortoproduceanelectricaloutput.Thewindturbinesaresupportedbyatoweratanelevatedpositionabovetheground.Eachwindturbineproducestorque,andthewindenergyconversionsystemprovidesforbalancingthetorquestoavoidanettorqueonthetower.Adjustmentmechanismsareprovidedforadjustingbladepitchandforadjustingthesizeofanairgapbetweenastatorandarotorthatcomesintoalignmentwiththestatorastherotorrotatestherepast.Thewindenergyconversionsystemprovidesahoodforsupplyingintakeairtoawindturbineandanexhaustplenumforexhaustingairfromthewindturbine,withthehoodandtheexhaustplenumbeingdirectionallypositionable.

15. WINDMILLS  Awindmillisamillthatconvertstheenergy of windintorotationalenergybymeansofvanescalledsailsorblades. Centuriesago,windmillsusuallywereusedtomillgrain(gristmills),pumpwater(wind pumps),or both.Themajorityofmodernwindmillstaketheformofwind turbinesusedtogenerateelectricity,orwind pumpsusedtopumpwater,eitherforlanddrainageortoextractgroundwater

16. HOWDOESAWINDTURBINEGENERATEELECTRICITY?  Windpowerconvertsthekineticenergyinwindtogenerateelectricityormechanicalpower.Thisisdonebyusingalargewindturbineusuallyconsistingofpropellers;theturbinecanbeconnectedtoageneratortogenerateelectricity,orthewindusedasmechanicalpowertoperformtaskssuchaspumpingwaterorgrindinggrain.Asthewindpassestheturbinesitmovestheblades,whichspinstheshaft.Therearecurrentlytwodifferentkindsofwindturbinesinuse,theHorizontalAxisWindTurbines(HAWT)ortheVerticalAxisWindTurbines(VAWT).HAWTarethemostcommon wind turbines, displaying the propeller or ‘fan-style’ blades, and VAWT are usually in an ‘egg-beater’ style

17. 5)GEOTHERMALENERGY  TheEarth'sheat-calledgeothermalenergy-escapesassteamatahotspringsinNevada.Credit:SierraPacific  GeothermalenergyistheheatfromtheEarth.It'scleanandsustainable.ResourcesofgeothermalenergyrangefromtheshallowgroundtohotwaterandhotrockfoundafewmilesbeneaththeEarth'ssurface,anddownevendeepertotheextremelyhightemperaturesofmoltenrockcalledmagma.  Almosteverywhere,theshallowgroundorupper10feetoftheEarth'ssurfacemaintainsanearlyconstanttemperaturebetween50°and60°F(10°and16°C).Geothermalheatpumpscantapintothisresourcetoheatandcoolbuildings.Ageothermalheatpumpsystemconsistsofaheatpump,anairdeliverysystem(ductwork),andaheatexchanger-asystemofpipesburiedintheshallowgroundnearthebuilding.Inthewinter,theheatpumpremovesheatfromtheheatexchangerandpumpsitintotheindoorairdeliverysystem.Inthesummer,theprocessisreversed,andtheheatpumpmovesheatfromtheindoorairintotheheatexchanger.Theheatremovedfromtheindoorairduringthesummercanalsobeusedtoprovideafreesourceofhotwater.  IntheUnitedStates,mostgeothermalreservoirsofhotwaterarelocatedinthewesternstates,Alaska,andHawaii.Wellscanbedrilledintoundergroundreservoirsforthegenerationofelectricity.Somegeothermalpowerplantsusethesteamfromareservoirtopoweraturbine/generator,whileothersusethehotwatertoboilaworkingfluidthatvaporizesandthenturnsaturbine.HotwaternearthesurfaceofEarthcanbeuseddirectlyforheat.Direct-useapplicationsincludeheatingbuildings,growingplantsingreenhouses,dryingcrops,heatingwateratfishfarms,andseveralindustrialprocessessuchaspasteurizingmilk.  Hotdryrockresourcesoccuratdepthsof3to5mileseverywherebeneaththeEarth'ssurfaceandatlesserdepthsincertainareas.Accesstotheseresourcesinvolvesinjectingcoldwaterdownonewell,circulatingitthroughhotfracturedrock,anddrawingofftheheatedwaterfromanotherwell.Currently,therearenocommercialapplicationsofthistechnology.Existingtechnologyalsodoesnotyetallowrecoveryofheatdirectlyfrommagma,theverydeepandmostpowerfulresourceofgeothermalenergy.

19. TIDALENERGY  Tidalpowerortidalenergyisaformofhydropowerthatconvertstheenergyobtainedfromtidesintousefulformsofpower,mainlyelectricity.  Althoughnotyetwidelyused,tidalenergyhaspotentialforfutureelectricitygeneration.Tidesaremorepredictablethanthe windandthe sun.Amongsourcesofrenewable energy,tidalenergyhastraditionallysufferedfromrelativelyhighcostandlimitedavailabilityofsiteswithsufficientlyhightidalrangesorflowvelocities,thusconstrictingitstotalavailability.However,manyrecenttechnologicaldevelopmentsandimprovements,bothindesign(e.g.dynamictidal power,tidal lagoons)andturbinetechnology(e.g.newaxial turbines,crossflow turbines),indicatethatthetotalavailabilityoftidalpowermaybemuchhigherthanpreviouslyassumed,andthateconomicandenvironmentalcostsmaybebroughtdowntocompetitivelevels.  Historically,tide millshavebeenusedbothinEuropeandontheAtlanticcoastofNorthAmerica.Theincomingwaterwascontainedinlargestorageponds,andasthetidewentout,itturnedwaterwheelsthatusedthemechanicalpoweritproducedtomillgrain .TheearliestoccurrencesdatefromtheMiddle Ages,orevenfromRoman times.Theprocessofusingfallingwaterand spinningturbinestocreateelectricitywasintroducedintheU.S.andEuropeinthe19thcentury.  Theworld'sfirstlarge-scaletidalpowerplantwastheRance Tidal Power StationinFrance,whichbecameoperationalin1966.ItwasthelargesttidalpowerstationintermsofoutputuntilSihwa Lake Tidal Power StationopenedinSouthKoreainAugust2011.TheSihwastationusesseawalldefensebarrierscompletewith10turbinesgenerating254MW

21. STEAMGENERATIONANDELECTRICITY GENERATION  Thesteam-electricpowerstationisapower stationinwhichtheelectricgeneratorissteamdriven.Waterisheated,turnsintosteamandspinsasteam turbinewhichdrivesanelectricalgenerator.Afteritpassesthroughtheturbine,thesteam iscondensedinacondenser.Thegreatestvariationinthedesignofsteam-electricpowerplantsisduetothedifferentfuelsources.  Almostallcoal,nuclear,geothermal,solar thermal electricpowerplants,waste incineration plantsaswellasmanynaturalgaspowerplantsaresteam-electric.Natural gasisfrequentlycombustedingas turbinesaswellasboilers.Thewasteheatfromagasturbinecanbeusedtoraisesteam,inacombined cycleplantthatimprovesoverallefficiency.  Worldwide,mostelectric powerisproducedbysteam-electricpowerplants,whichproduceabout86%ofallelectricgenerationTheonlyothertypesofplantsthatcurrentlyhaveasignificantcontribution arehydroelectricandgasturbineplants,whichcanburnnaturalgas ordiesel.Photovoltaic panels,wind turbinesandbinarycyclegeothermalplantsarealsonon-steamelectric,butcurrentlydonotproducemuchelectricity

22. HOWELECTRICITYISGENERATEDFROM GEOTHERMALENERGY  Whenthegeothermalresourceproducesasaturatedorsuperheatedvapor,thesteamiscollectedfromtheproductionwellsandsenttoaconventionalsteamturbine.Beforethesteamenterstheturbine,appropriatemeasuresaretakentoremoveanysoliddebrisfromthesteamflow,aswellascorrosivesubstancescontainedintheprocessstream(typicallyremovedwithwaterwashing).Ifthesteamatthewellheadissaturated,stepsaretakentoremoveanyliquidthatispresentorformspriortothesteamenteringtheturbine.Normally,acondensingturbineisused;however,insomeinstances,abackpressureturbineisusedthatexhaustssteamdirectlytotheambient.[  Thesteamdischargestoacondenserwhereitiscondensedatasubatmosphericpressure(typicallyafewinchesofHg).ThecondensershowninFig.1isabarometriccondenser.Inabarometriccondenser,thecoolingwaterissprayeddirectlyintothesteam,withthecoolingwaterandcondensatebeingpumpedtoacoolingtowerwherethecondensingheatloadisrejectedtotheambient.Someplantsusesurfacecondenserswherethelatentheatfromthecondensingsteamistransferredtocoolingwaterbeingcirculatedthroughthecondensertubes.Withasurfacecondenser,thecoolingwaterandcondensatearetypicallypumpedtothecoolingtowerinseparatestreams.Thesteamcondensateprovidesamakeupwatersourcefortheevaporativeheatrejectionsystem.Anyexcesscondensate,togetherwiththetowerblowdown,isinjectedbackintothereservoir.  Hydrothermalresourcestypicallycontainvaryingamountsofdissolvedmineralsandgasesthatimpactboththedesignandoperationoftheenergyconversionsystems.Inpowercycleswheresteamisextractedfromthegeothermalresourceandexpandedinacondensingturbine,thecycledesignmustaccountfortheremovalofthenoncondensablegasesextractedfromtheresourcewiththesteam.Ifnotremoved,thesegasesaccumulateinthecondenser,raisingtheturbineexhaustpressureanddecreasingpoweroutput.Whenhydrogensulfideispresentintheprocesssteam,italsoaccumulatesinthecondenser,thoughaportionpartitionsordissolvesinthecondensateorcoolingwater.Whenthehydrogensulfidelevelsaresufficientlyhighsothatsomeabatementprocessofthecondensateorcoolingwaterisrequired,surfacecondensersaretypicallyusedtominimizethequantityofwaterthathastobetreated.Inaddition,thenoncondensablegasstreamcontaininghydrogensulfidemustalsobetreatedpriortobeingreleasedtotheatmospher

24. 6)MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICSPOWER GENRATION  Amagnetohydrodynamicgenerator(MHDgenerator)isamagnetohydrodynamicdevicethattransformsthermal energyandkinetic energyintoelectricity.MHDgeneratorsaredifferentfromtraditionalelectric generatorsinthattheyoperateathightemperatureswithoutmoving parts.MHDwasdevelopedbecausethehotexhaustgasofanMHDgeneratorcanheattheboilersofasteampowerplant,increasingoverallefficiency.MHDwasdevelopedasatoppingcycletoincreasetheefficiencyofelectric generation,especiallywhenburningcoalornatural gas.MHDdynamosarethecomplementofMHDpropulsors,whichhavebeenappliedtopumpliquidmetalsandinseveralexperimentalshipengines.  AnMHDgenerator,likeaconventionalgenerator,reliesonmovingaconductorthroughamagnetic fieldtogenerateelectriccurrent.TheMHDgeneratoruseshotconductiveplasmaasthemovingconductor.Themechanicaldynamo,incontrast,usesthemotionofmechanicaldevicestoaccomplishthis.MHDgeneratorsaretechnicallypracticalforfossilfuels,buthavebeenovertakenbyother,lessexpensivetechnologies,such ascombined cyclesinwhichagas turbine'sormolten carbonate fuel cell'sexhaustheatssteamtopowerasteam turbine.  NaturalMHDdynamosareanactiveareaofresearchinplasmaphysicsandareofgreatinterestto thegeophysicsandastrophysicscommunities,sincethemagneticfieldsoftheearthandsunareproducedbythesenaturaldynamos.

26. CHEMICALENERGYSOURCES FUELCELL  Afuelcellisanelectrochemical cellthatconvertsthechemical energyfromafuelintoelectricitythroughanelectrochemicalreactionofhydrogen fuelwithoxygenoranotheroxidising agent.[1]Fuelcellsaredifferentfrombatteriesinrequiringacontinuoussourceoffuelandoxygen(usuallyfromair)tosustainthechemicalreaction,whereasinabatterythechemicalenergycomesfromchemicalsalreadypresentinthebattery.Fuelcellscanproduceelectricitycontinuouslyforaslongasfuelandoxygenaresupplied.  Thefirstfuelcellswereinventedin1838.ThefirstcommercialuseoffuelcellscamemorethanacenturylaterinNASAspaceprogramstogeneratepowerforsatellitesandspace capsules.Sincethen,fuelcellshavebeenusedinmanyotherapplications.Fuelcellsareusedforprimaryandbackuppowerforcommercial,industrialandresidentialbuildingsandinremoteorinaccessibleareas.Theyarealsousedtopowerfuel cell vehicles,includingforklifts,automobiles,buses,boats,motorcyclesandsubmarines.  Therearemanytypesoffuelcells,buttheyallconsistofananode,acathode,andanelectrolytethatallowspositivelychargedhydrogenions(protons)tomovebetweenthetwosidesofthefuelcell.Attheanodeacatalystcausesthefueltoundergooxidationreactionsthatgenerateprotons(positivelychargedhydrogenions)andelectrons.Theprotonsflowfromtheanodetothecathodethroughtheelectrolyteafterthereaction.Atthesametime,electronsaredrawnfromtheanodetothecathodethroughanexternalcircuit,producingdirect currentelectricity.Atthecathode,anothercatalystcauseshydrogenions,electrons,andoxygentoreact,formingwater.Fuelcellsareclassifiedbythetypeofelectrolytetheyuseandbythedifferenceinstartuptimerangingfrom1secondforprotonexchange membrane fuel cells(PEMfuelcells,orPEMFC)to10minutesforsolid oxide fuel cells(SOFC).Individualfuelcellsproducerelativelysmallelectricalpotentials,about0.7volts,socellsare"stacked",orplacedinseries,tocreatesufficientvoltagetomeetanapplication'srequirements.Inadditiontoelectricity,fuelcellsproducewater,heatand,dependingonthefuelsource,verysmallamountsofnitrogen dioxideandotheremissions.Theenergyefficiencyofafuelcellisgenerallybetween40–60%;however,ifwasteheatiscapturedinacogenerationscheme,efficienciesupto85%canbeobtained.  Arelatedtechnologyisflow batteries,inwhichthefuelcanberegeneratedbyrecharging.  Thefuelcellmarketisgrowing,andin2013PikeResearchestimatedthatthestationaryfuelcellmarketwillreach50GWby2020

28. APPLICATIONOFFUELCELL  FuelCellTodaycategorisestheuseoffuelcellsintothreebroadareas:portablepowergeneration,stationarypowergeneration,andpowerfortransportation.Wealsoincludeacategoryforfuelandinfrastructure,relatingtotheproduction,distribution,storageanddispensingoffuelsforfuelcells,asthisiscrucialtoimplementingfuelcelltechnology.