VALUATION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT EXTERNALITIES: A COMPARISON REVIEW ...

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3. 3 The Structure of the Presentation Motivation; The dilemma of the Hula (Upper Galilee)-agriculture vs. a park; Data; Conclusions.

4. 4 Sustainable Development World Commission on Environment and Development: “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (WCED, 1987).

5. 5 Case Study: Upper Galilee A concentration of nature reserves, national parks, open spaces, water and agriculture. A growing tourism industry-hotel rooms, zimmers (B&B), restaurants. Tourism is a growing employment provider.

6. 6 The Dilemma in the Region Is the preferred land use agriculture or parks? How to ensure employment in the region? Parks charge an entrance fee, but the proceeds are relatively low.

7. 7 The Dilemma of the Hula In the 50’s draining a swamp. In the 90’s re-flooding the wetland. The dilemma was between non-profitable agriculture and tourists’ attraction. Can we integrate between agriculture and recreation? What are the revenues for the land owners? What are the social benefits.

8. 8 Biodiversity Loss The drainage resulted in a global loss of seven animal species out of 12 that were endemic. In terms of the region, 119 (20%) species were not recorded in the region after the drainage (Safriel, 1997, pp. 22-23).

9. 9 In 1999 we published a forecast for the expected number of visitors in the Agamon, and for revenues. Mira G. Baron, Natalia Zaitsev and Mordechai Shechter, 1999, Expected Recreational Benefits of the Hula Economic Analysis, Haifa:NRERC. The forecast was based on recreationists’ surveys. The Agamon-the recreation attraction was opened in 2004. The forecast referred to the expected revenues; expected consumer surplus, but almost disregarded the regional contribution.

10. 10 Evaluating the expected number of visitors . 87% of the visitors to Upper Galilee would like to visit the Hula Project. If the park were opened today, and NIS 30 were charged, 380,000 visitors may be expected. Due to the expected increase in population and increase in standard of living we expect an annual increase in the number of visitors by 2- 4% per year. In ten years 460,000- 560,000 visitors are expected, besides overseas ourists. Expected revenues and benefits were calculated assuming NIS 30 per person is charged. Since 380,000 visitors are expected, annual revenues of NIS 11.4 million are expected in the first year of operation. Under reasonable assumptions, in 25 years of operation a present value in the range of NIS 123- 323 million may be expected. The expected social benefits were calculated referring to the WTP of interviewees to pay an entrance fee of NIS 30 and higher values. At the first year of operation the benefits are expected to total NIS 14.1 million. In 25 years of operation, a present value of total benefits in the range of NIS 152- 400 million may be expected.

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12. 12 Visitors vs. Sites,1999-2006

13. 13 Visitors vs. Sites, 1999-2006

14. 14 Visitors vs. Sites, 2004-2006

15. 15 Hotels and Zimmers Sefat and Golan districts offer both hotels and ‘zimmers’-bed and breakfast (B&B). In 2004 Sefat sub- District hosted 303,800 person-nights in B&B, while Sefat and Golan District hotels provided 476,600 person nights. The occupancy rate in the area is low. In the country in 2005, 23,600 people were employed in the hotel industry and the revenues $1,360 million. What is the regional contribution?

16. 16 Rooms in Hotels and Person Nights

17. 17 Can we resolve the conflict between agriculture, and parks? Can we use land values to resolve the conflict? Agriculture - a good produced for private use with externalities (both positive and negative). A park - a public good.

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19. 19 Land Values Land-use is determined by the use with maximum willingness to pay for the land. In residential area the value of land is determined by the demand for housing, commerce, transportation. In industrial land-use the value of land is determined by the profitability in a certain location. The maximal willingness to pay is the profit derived. In agricultural land (as in industry), the value of land is determined by profitability, disregarding externalities. How is the value of land determined in a park? What is the land-use with maximum WTP?

20. 20 Value of Land of a Park (or Open Space) In public goods we have a market failure and the price is partial. How to estimate the value? CVM-WTP, WTA: hypothetical behavior. TCM-revealed behavior. HPM-revealed behavior.

21. 21 From social perspective: Land value for agriculture=profitability + value of externalities. Land value for open space/park = CVM or TCM or HPM + externalities The maximal value ‘wins’ the land.

22. 22 Example, TCM (Travel Cost Method)

23. 23 Externalities According to Coase Theorem the gainers (e.g., hotel or restaurant owners) have to compensate the land owners of uses that generate externalities to attain a social optimum. An estimate of the externalities: The impact on the region in economic terms-does the land-use generate employment in the region in other industries, i.e., hotels and/or restaurants?

24. 24 The use of hotels can teach us on the positive externalities generated by agriculture/open space/parks.

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26. 26 Can we analyze the tourism patterns in various regions, and deduct on the contribution to the tourism industry of agriculture/open space/parks? Probably yes! Can we add the value of externalities to the demand for land?

27. 27 Summary We can use CVM, HPM, TCM to estimate the value of open space or parks The stay in hotels and B&B, a complementary good to recreation, can be used in the three land-uses. Analyzing different regions will identify the contribution of each activity.

28. 28 Summary (cont.) How can we resolve the dilemma of the Upper Gaillee and the Hula? Agriculture: calculate the profitability, add the value of externality via contribution to visits in the region and tourism. Deduct negative externalities, i.e. nitrification of land. Park: calculate revenues + consumer surplus + contribution to tourism industry. Divide each value by number of acres, to derive maximal value.

29. 29 Integrating the externalities into the value of land might show that parks are more desirable than agriculture, opposite to the result of referring just to revenues. The public perspective has to be concerned with increasing employment opportunities in a region, neglecting it and emphasizing the private perspective is misleading.

30. 30 Thank You!

31. 1. Monetary Valuation Methods and Techniques