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Almost 50/50 share Females increasing, but mostly in dev’d world

Almost 50/50 share Females increasing, but mostly in dev’d world Increasingly migrating independently Large-scale, organized emigration (S. Asia) - S. Asia 60-80% are females Major recipients/users of remittances Niche employment Special vulnerabilities

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Almost 50/50 share Females increasing, but mostly in dev’d world

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  1. Almost 50/50 share • Females increasing, but mostly in dev’d world • Increasingly migrating independently • Large-scale, organized emigration (S. Asia) • - S. Asia 60-80% are females • Major recipients/users of remittances • Niche employment • Special vulnerabilities • Statistics under-represent the female share Slide 1 - Gendered Migration

  2. Slide 2 - Gendered Sectors • Global shift to service sectors • “Care” dependency in developed countries - demographic change - workforce participation of women - reduced social services (child/aged care) • Opportunities in domestic sector, nursing, teaching in Europe, N. America, Asia • Entertainment/sex industries • Export zones (e.g. clothing manufacturing) Often vulnerable sectors

  3. Slide 3 - Impacts of Female Migration • Education and work/career opportunities • Economic empowerment • Improved family welfare (education, health,child mortality), through - remittances - education/awareness • Changed gender relations at home BUT also negative Impacts, e.g. - neglected children/households - health problems - labour exploitation/immigration sanctions - gender-specific abuse

  4. Slide 4 - Trafficking in Persons • No hard data (est. 600-800,000 a year) • Targets vulnerable groups in developing and transition countries, post conflict situations - rural poor - women, children, minority groups • Evident in most regions, notably: - W./C. Africa = 200,000 children p.a. - S-E Asia = 200-250,000 women and children p.a. - S. Asia = more than 13,000 children in past 5 years - S-E Europe = unknown, but large-scale and growing More than 1 M children globally every year (ILO)

  5. Slide 5 - Who gains? Who loses? • Re-directs the benefits of migration - traffickers pocket the gains - criminal gains • Economic disempowerment of migrants - lost wages, remittances • Health problems(HIV), even death • Depletion of human capital for DCs • Deprived care for families back home Perpetuation of social/gender inequalities

  6. Slide 6 - Policy Responses • Better data/analysis of gender, migration and development - gender disaggregated data - impact of trafficking on remittance patterns and uses - analytical tools for gender assessments in the context of migration and poverty alleviation - capacity building of governments; coordination of IOs • Enforce UN Protocol vs trafficking • Better links between prevention, education and other development efforts Inter-sectoral and inter-national action

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