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Animals

Animals. What is an animal?. What is an animal?. Multicellular Eukaryotic Heterotrophs That lack cell walls. Broken into two groups:. Invertebrates (lack a backbone) 95% of all animals Includes sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, crustaceans, spiders, and starfish.

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Animals

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  1. Animals What is an animal?

  2. What is an animal? • Multicellular • Eukaryotic • Heterotrophs • That lack cell walls

  3. Broken into two groups: • Invertebrates (lack a backbone) • 95% of all animals • Includes sponges, jellyfish, worms, insects, crustaceans, spiders, and starfish

  4. Broken into two groups: • Vertebrates (have backbone) • Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals

  5. Animal Terminology: • Symmetry = whether one half of the animal matches the other half • Asymmetry - does NOT match (sponge) • Radial- matches many ways (jellyfish) • Bilateral- matches one way (left-hand side and right-hand side)

  6. Fill It In … Draw an organism with … Asymmetry: Radial: Bilateral:

  7. Animal Terminology: • Segmentation - division of some animals into repeated parts, some of which may be used for different functions (ex. Earthworm)

  8. Annelids (worms)

  9. Animal Terminology: • Cephalization - concentration of sense organs in a head region

  10. Check Yourself! • What are the two main groups of animals? • What is the purpose of segmentation in some animals?

  11. Check Yourself! • What are the two main groups of animals? INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES • What is the purpose of segmentation in some animals?

  12. Check Yourself! • What are the two main groups of animals? INVERTEBRATES VERTEBRATES • What is the purpose of segmentation in some animals? ALLOW DIFFERENT BODY PARTS TO BE USED FOR DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS

  13. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Synthesis - how organisms build necessary molecules • Protein synthesis - ribosomes in the cells of animals are used to make proteins from amino acids based on DNA code. • The proteins are used for structures such as muscle fiber, enzymes, antibodies, and pigments.

  14. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Lipid synthesis - the ER in the eukaryotic cells of animals produces lipids such as phospholipids needed for the cell membrane

  15. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Transport - how organisms get what they need to cells; how they move waste from cells to organs of excretion\ • Blood cells carry nutrients and oxygen to the cells of an animal, and carry waste products away from those cells.

  16. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • In animals with a closed circulatory system blood in enclosed in vessels such as arteries and veins. • In animals with an open circulatory system, the blood flows freely in a body cavity where it makes direct contact with internal organs. Brainpop-heart

  17. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Some animals have a heart to pump blood throughout the body. • The four-chambered heartof mammals is designed to separate oxygenated and deoxygenated blood as it passes through two circuits. 4 chamber heart

  18. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • The pulmonary circuit takes deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide. • The systemic circuit takes the oxygenated blood to the body cells.

  19. Fill It In … On the diagram, shade the oxygenated blood red and the deoxygenated blood blue.

  20. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Excretion - how organisms get rid of their waste and balance their fluids (pH, salt concentration, water). • Excretory structures help animals to perform these functions.

  21. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Invertebrate animals may have specialized excretory structures in some body segments to filter nitrogenous waste from the blood. • Examples include nephridia in annelids and Malpighian tubules in insects.

  22. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Vertebrate animals use organs called kidneysthat are made up of smaller parts called nephrons to filter wastes from the blood. • This waste, called urine, passes to tubes called ureters and then exits the body through an opening.

  23. Fill It In … Identify 3 specialized excretory structures:

  24. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Respiration - how organisms get oxygen from the environment and release carbon dioxide back to the environment.

  25. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • In some animals, such as worms, oxygen is able to diffuse through moist skin and enter the bloodstream.

  26. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Other invertebrate animals, such as insects, may have specialized structures in certain body segments to take in oxygen. • Examples include tiny pores called spiracles in insects.

  27. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Aquatic invertebrates and vertebrates rely on gills - thin membranes that allow the diffusion of oxygen from the water into the bloodstream.

  28. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Terrestrial vertebrates rely on well developed lungs with numerous alveoli(small clusters that are one-cell thick and allow for fast diffusion of oxygen into blood and carbon dioxide out of blood).

  29. Mammals • Body temp • endothermic • Heart • 4-chambers • Respiration • lungs • Fertilization • internal • Other • Hair, fur, or vestiges • Mammary glands • Largest, developed brains • Specialized teeth • Increased parental care

  30. Fill It In … Draw a picture showing gases moving across a membrane, such as skin. Label the direction of each gas using arrows.

  31. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Nutrition - how organisms break down and absorb food

  32. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Animals have a variety of different ways to obtain food from their environment and begin the process of digestion. • Insects may have chewing mouthparts called mandibles, while vertebrates have teeth that are specialized for their food sources.

  33. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • The digestive tract of many animals includes an esophagus, a stomach that contains digestive enzymes to break down the food chemically, and intestines for absorption.

  34. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • The intestine is divided into the small intestine (absorption of nutrients) and the large intestine (absorption of water).

  35. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • The lining of the intestine contains finger-like projections called microvillito increase the surface area and allow for more efficient absorption.

  36. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Accessory organs such as the liver and pancreas produce and secrete digestive chemicals.

  37. Fill It In … What does absorption mean? What structure is most important for absorption?

  38. Check Yourself! • What types of molecules do all animals have to synthesize? • What is the basic purpose of transport? • What is the function of the 4-chambered heart? • How do kidneys aid excretion? • What structures that make up the lung allow for more efficient gas exchange? • What is the function of microvilli in the small intestine?

  39. Check Yourself! • What types of molecules do all animals have to synthesize? PROTEINS AND LIPIDS • What is the basic purpose of transport? • What is the function of the 4-chambered heart? • How do kidneys aid excretion? • What structures that make up the lung allow for more efficient gas exchange? • What is the function of microvilli in the small intestine?

  40. Check Yourself! • What types of molecules do all animals have to synthesize? PROTEINS AND LIPIDS • What is the basic purpose of transport? FOR ORGANISMS TO GET WHAT THEY NEED TO CELLS AND MOVE WASTE • What is the function of the 4-chambered heart? • How do kidneys aid excretion? • What structures that make up the lung allow for more efficient gas exchange? • What is the function of microvilli in the small intestine?

  41. Check Yourself! • What types of molecules do all animals have to synthesize? PROTEINS AND LIPIDS • What is the basic purpose of transport? FOR ORGANISMS TO GET WHAT THEY NEED TO CELLS AND MOVE WASTE • What is the function of the 4-chambered heart? TO SEPARATE OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED BLOOD AS IT PASSES THROUGH TWO CIRCUITS • How do kidneys aid excretion? • What structures that make up the lung allow for more efficient gas exchange? • What is the function of microvilli in the small intestine?

  42. Check Yourself! • What types of molecules do all animals have to synthesize? PROTEINS AND LIPIDS • What is the basic purpose of transport? FOR ORGANISMS TO GET WHAT THEY NEED TO CELLS AND MOVE WASTE • What is the function of the 4-chambered heart? TO SEPARATE OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED BLOOD AS IT PASSES THROUGH TWO CIRCUITS • How do kidneys aid excretion? THEY FILTER WASTE FROM THE BLOOD • What structures that make up the lung allow for more efficient gas exchange? • What is the function of microvilli in the small intestine?

  43. Check Yourself! • What types of molecules do all animals have to synthesize? PROTEINS AND LIPIDS • What is the basic purpose of transport? FOR ORGANISMS TO GET WHAT THEY NEED TO CELLS AND MOVE WASTE • What is the function of the 4-chambered heart? TO SEPARATE OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED BLOOD AS IT PASSES THROUGH TWO CIRCUITS • How do kidneys aid excretion? THEY FILTER WASTE FROM THE BLOOD • What structures that make up the lung allow for more efficient gas exchange? ALVEOLI • What is the function of microvilli in the small intestine?

  44. Check Yourself! • What types of molecules do all animals have to synthesize? PROTEINS AND LIPIDS • What is the basic purpose of transport? FOR ORGANISMS TO GET WHAT THEY NEED TO CELLS AND MOVE WASTE • What is the function of the 4-chambered heart? TO SEPARATE OXYGENATED AND DEOXYGENATED BLOOD AS IT PASSES THROUGH TWO CIRCUITS • How do kidneys aid excretion? THEY FILTER WASTE FROM THE BLOOD • What structures that make up the lung allow for more efficient gas exchange? ALVEOLI • What is the function of microvilli in the small intestine? TO INCREASE SURFACE AREA & ALLOW FOR MORE EFFICIENT ABSORPTION

  45. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Reproduction - sexual versus asexual, types of fertilization • Some simple animals have the ability to reproduce asexually. • For example, fragmentation may occur in sponges, and starfish have the ability to regenerate lost parts.

  46. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Sexualreproduction in animals requires the male sperm to fertilize the female egg.

  47. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Animals that live in or around water may utilize external fertilization. • Females lay eggs and males later fertilize them outside of the female’s body. External Fertilization

  48. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Most land animals utilize internal fertilization. • The male places the sperm inside the female’s body.

  49. Fill It In … External fertilization requires animals to live near ___________, while internal fertilization is an adaptation for life on _________.

  50. Life Functions (STERNGRR) • Most animals have either male or female reproductive organs. • However, some animals are hermaphrodites, and have both male and female reproductive organs, and therefore, produce both sperm and egg.

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