Exploring Earth's History: From the Origin of Life to the Evolution of Species

1. Bell Work: Just guess… • How old is the Earth? • When did bacteria “show up” on Earth? • How long ago did dinosaurs exist on Earth? • When did modern day humans “show up” on Earth? Assignments: • Review Test • Geological Timeline

2. Timelines

7. Success Criteria for timelines • Timeline numbered like an X-axis, with equal intervals. • Color Coded Eras • Colorful ( 15 pictures) • Neatly written description of events • Every individual answers the questions. Suggested Agenda: -Today: Scale and Label events & add pictures -Friday: (20 minutes) Finish adding pictures and color

8. Reflection (Block/Friday) • SC #1 Describe how the complexity of organisms has changed from the beginning of life on Earth to present day. • Finish Timeline Questions: Tape in Notebook • SC #3 Scientist Research (due Tuesday) • Origin of Species Video

9. Origin of Species • SC #2 Understand how Charles Darwin and other scientists contributed to the theory of evolution

10. Tape in Notebooks. Describe the ideas of the following scientists. Their ideas will have to do with evolution, Earth’s history, and/or population. Due Tuesday. • James Hutton: • Charles Lyell: • Baptiste Lamarck: • Thomas Malthus: • Charles Darwin:

11. Lamarck vs. Darwin Introduction to change in organisms

12. Bell Work • What is the difference between an inherited and an acquired trait? Give an example of each. • Assignment: • Finish Origin of Species Video • Lamarck versus Darwin Notes/ Cartoon Stamp: Scientist Info and Timeline Questions

13. What were Hutton’s (deep time) and Lyell’s ideas (uniformitarianism) about the age of Earth and the processes that shape the planet? • How would they explain the formation of the Grand Canyon?

14. According to Malthus, what factors limit human population? How did Malthus influence Darwin?

15. What is a theory? • The most probable explanation for a large set of data based on the best available evidence • Summarizes a hypothesis or group of hypotheses that have been supported with repeated testing

16. What is a species?What is a population? • Species – a group of organisms that can breed & produce fertile offspring. • White-tailed deer • Population – refers to a group of organisms of a particular species living in a certain area. • White-tailed deer on Mt. Nebo

17. What about a Liger?

18. Bell Work • Don’t do the bell work on your sheet, instead explain why a lion and a tiger are still considered two different species even though they can reproduce (Liger)? • Reflection for Tuesday: Compare the idea that Darwin had to the idea that Wallace had about the origin of species. Assignments: Darwin Vs Lamarck Notes/Cartoon

19. Lamarck’s Theory • Jean Baptiste Lamarck: 1800’s • Believed: • Change Occurs Over Time • inheritance of acquired characteristics • acquired changes were passed to offspring • Law of Use and Disuse • If a body part was used, it got stronger • If body part NOT used, it deteriorated • Examples: Body builders or pierced ears

20. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution • More examples • Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime Would Be Passed To Offspring Clipped ears and tails of dogs could be passed to offspring!

21. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution • Giraffes all had SHORT necks originally • Giraffe’s Necks got LONGER from stretching for food • “Acquired” trait (long necks) then passed to offspring • Giraffe population became long-necked

23. Lamarck’s Mistakes • Was he correct?? • NO! • Traits are passed down from one generation to the next by GENES, not by an individual’s life experiences or activities • Lamarck did NOT know how traits were inherited • Genes Are NOT Changed By Activities In Life

24. Voyage of the Beagle • During His Travels, Darwin Made Numerous Observations And Collected Evidence That Led Him To Propose A Revolutionary Hypothesis About The Way Life Changes Over Time: Natural Selection • Origin of Species, not Origin of Life

25. Darwin’s Belief’s • Survival of the fittestORnatural selection • Food and resources are limited • Organisms have to COMPETE to get them (lions fight for food, space, mates …) • OVER PRODUCE too many organisms • Not all offspring will survive only the MOST FIT (not always the biggest or strongest!)

26. What happened to the giraffe’s? • Survival of the fittest or natural selection • Natural selection said the giraffes with short necks had less food to eat • Why? • the food resources changed to leaves only on the upper branches • What happened? • short necks could not reach upper branches and did not survive (couldn’t pass on genes) • Long neck giraffes survived & reproduced because they were able to reach the food. • They pass on those traits and overtime the population starts to have more of “long necks’

27. Evolution is the slow, gradual change in a population of organisms over time… a looooooooong time! • Isolated populations eventually will become their own species.

28. Natural Selection: Darwin’s Conditions • How does Selection occur? • Selection of the most fit can occur from several factors: • Variations exist among individuals in a population • Inheritance: Variations that exist in populations are inheritable by parents. • Overpopulation • Predation/Disease/ Competition • Survival of the fittest • Deferential survival and reproduction • Due to above 3 factors. Some individuals survive more than others, have more offspring, and become more common over time.

29. Where do we see this change? • When there is an unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce … • This leads to a gradual change in a population with favorable characteristicsaccumulating over generations • Most fit “naturally” selected • New species evolves

32. Inheritance of Acquired Traits Decent with Modification

33. Darwin vs Lamarck Pick an animal not discussed in class. Make a comic strip (min. 4 panels each) of the following: Show how your animal may have evolved by way of Lamarck’s hypothesis of acquired traits. Show how this same animal may have evolved by way of Darwin’s hypothesis of natural selection. Make sure to color your comic strip & that it is neat & clearly depicted (use rulers for your panels).

34. Life is good. I never want anything to change. The trees are getting taller & we aren’t. We need to stretch our necks to reach the food Lamarck I am so glad Junior here doesn’t have to go through the stretching because he was born with a long neck  MUST KEEP STRETCHING!

35. Words/Concepts to Use Other Criteria Pick an animal/plant What adaptation? Use same animal/plant and adaptation for both cartoons. Colored Dialogue on each panel We may have some time to work Friday • Use/disuse • Variation • Offspring/Breeding • Survival of the fittest • Death

37. Bell Work: • How would you describe an adaptation? How do adaptations relate to being “fit” for an environment? • Assignment: • Types of Adaptation Notes (Success Criteria #9) • Types of Natural Selection (Success Criteria #10) • Finish Cartoon

38. Reflection (Block) • Understand how Darwin’s beliefs were similar and different than Lamarck’s. (cartoon) • Success Criteria: #2, #3, #4, #5, #7, #8

39. Reflection: Types of Adaptations • Pick a plant or animal that is well adapted to its environment. • You can pick the same plant/animal as you used in your cartoon. • As we go through the notes you are going to think about that type of adaptation and apply it to your plant/animal

40. TYPES OF ADAPTATIONS Structural Behavioral Physiological Let’s look at each type as we consider 2 species: the tundra & icecap-dwelling arctic fox & the desert dwelling fennec fox.

41. arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) fennec fox (Vulpes zerda) Structural Adaptation: The form that the organism takes. A physical feature. EX: Big ears and small ears of foxes. Heat escapes easily from the blood that passes through the vessels in the fennec fox’s ears. Cool blood from the ears then circulates through the body & keeps the fennec fox from overheating.

42. Can you think of another animal with large ears that might have the same benefits?

43. Behavioral Adaptation: These are innate (inherited) actions that individuals of the species perform. Arctic fox: Can be active any time of the day; ready to find food whenever available. Fennec fox: Is nocturnal; sleeps during the day & hunts at night

44. QUESTION: A fennec fox raised in captivity away from other fennecs will try to dig a burrow in its cage. Explain why burrow-digging is an innate behavior, not a learned behavior. ANSWER: The behavior is instinctive because the fennec fox did not have to be taught the behavior by another fennec fox.

45. Physiological Adaptation: Related to the biochemical processes at work within an organism’s body. Compare the processing of food & water: Arctic fox: food is scarce in winter; effective at storing food energy as fat. Fennec fox: little free water available; adapted to get all moisture it needs from fruit, roots, & leaves.

46. Adaptations Work Together Adaptations work together to produce a species fit for surviving in a specific environment. The big ears(structural) cools fox & gives acute hearing which helps when fox hunts at night (behavioral) & the fox has special retina; (physiological) that gives the fox night vision.

47. Friday Reflection • Pick an animal or plant and describe a behavioral, structural, and physiological adaptation.

48. Patterns of Natural Selection

49. Forms of Selection • Selection is a statistical concept • One cannot predict the fate of any single individual • But it is possible to predict which kind of individual will tend to become more common in a population • Three types of natural selection have been identified • Stabilizing selection • Disruptive selection • Directional selection

50. Natural selection acts on distributions of traits. • A normal distribution graphs as a bell-shaped curve. • highest frequency near mean value • frequencies decrease toward each extreme value • Traits not undergoing natural selection have a normal distribution.