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Chapter 7 Circulation of the Atmosphere

Chapter 7 Circulation of the Atmosphere. Scales of Atmospheric Motion. tornado. Planetary scale motion (Large-scale motion). Trade-wind. Synoptic scale motion. cyclone. Front. Anti-cyclone. Hurricane. Meso-scale motion. Local Winds. Sea and Land Breeze. Valley and Mountain Breeze.

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Chapter 7 Circulation of the Atmosphere

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  1. Chapter 7Circulation of the Atmosphere

  2. Scales of Atmospheric Motion tornado Planetary scale motion (Large-scale motion)

  3. Trade-wind

  4. Synoptic scale motion cyclone Front Anti-cyclone

  5. Hurricane

  6. Meso-scale motion

  7. Local Winds Sea and Land Breeze

  8. Valley and Mountain Breeze

  9. Global circulation Single-cell Model Thermally driven circulation (direct circulation)

  10. ITCZ: Intertropical Convergence Zone

  11. 30 degree North South

  12. Polar cell: direct cell Ferrel cell: indirect cell

  13. Global Atmospheric Circulation Model

  14. Summary 1. ITCZ: a rapidly upward moving air forms a narrow band of convection. 2. Trade Winds: the steady northeast and southeast winds in the tropics. 3. Hadley cell. a direct thermally driven circulation. 4. Subtropical high: descending branch of the Hadley cell causes high pressure at the surface near 30 degree. 5. Mid-latitude westerly: prevailing winds between 30 degree and 60 degree. 6. Ferrel cell: an indirect circulation in the mid-latitudes. 7. Polar front: the boundary between the cold polar air flowing to the equator and the warm subtropical air moving poleward. 8. Polar easterly: prevailing winds in high latitude beyond 60 degree.

  15. Monsoons Does not mean “rainy season”, it refers to a wind system that exhibits a pronounced seasonal reversal in direction. Asian Monsoon The raining season begins around the beginning of June and fade away by the end of September

  16. The North American Monsoon The North American Monsoon occurs from late May or early June into September, originating over Mexico and spreading into the southwest United States by mid July.

  17. The Westerlies in the mid-latitude Thermal wind Caused by horizontal temperature gradient

  18. Jet stream Rossby Waves

  19. Rotation, Circulation, and Vorticity Planetary (entraining) vorticity Planetary vorticity changes with latitude Relative vrticity f is defined as positive Cyclone Anti-cyclone Absolute vorticity=Planetary vorticity + Relative vrticity

  20. Absolute vorticity is not conserved is conserved

  21. For constant depth, Absolute vorticity becomes conserved. North Westerly South Rossby Wave

  22. P-1 H h P S (warm) N (cold) Northward motion: anti-cyclonic circulation Southward motion: cyclonic circulation Westward propagation Westerly winds

  23. Changes in Upper-level Airflow Wave breaking

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