Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West

1. Russia and Japan: Industrialization Outside the West 28

2. Figure 28.1 Japanese children at school. Showing children the latest in naval technology suggests the relationship between education and other aspects of Japanese development in the later 19th century.

3. Chapter Overview • Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance • Protest and Revolution in Russia • Japan: Transformation without Revolution

4. TIMELINE 1700 C.E. to 1900 C.E.

5. TIMELINE (continued) 1700 C.E. to 1900 C.E.

6. Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance • 1861, Russia begins social, political reform • Russia before Reform • Anti-Westernization backlash • Following Napoleon's invasion, 1812 • Holy Alliance • Decembrist uprising, 1825 • Suppressed by Nicholas I • Russia avoids revolutions of 1830, 1848

7. Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance • Economic and Social Problems • The Peasant Question • Crimean War (1854–1856) • Defeat by industrial powers • Alexander II turns to industrialization

8. Map 28.1 Russian Expansion, 1815–1914Russia continued to push to the west, south, and east. At first, its main conflicts were with the Ottoman empire. Later, however, conflicts in east Asia loomed larger.

9. Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance • The Reform Era and Early Industrialization • 1861, emancipation of serfs • Forced to buy lands • Productivity stagnant • Alexander II • Reforms of 1860s, 1870s • Zemstvoes • Military reform • Some educational reform

10. Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance • The Reform Era and Early Industrialization • Industrialization • Railways • Pacific reached, 1880s • Siberia opened to development • Factories, 1880s

11. Figure 28.2 This late 19th-century roadside scene depicts the poverty of a Russian peasant village. What forces produced such poor conditions, even after serfdom had been abolished?

12. Russia's Reforms and Industrial Advance • The Reform Era and Early Industrialization • Industrialization • Count Witte, 1892–1903 • High tariffs • Banking system improved • Western investment sought

13. Protest and Revolution in Russia • The Road to Revolution • Intelligentsia • Ethnic minorities • Demands • Peasants • Famine, taxes • Anarchists • Fail to win peasant support • Suppressed

14. Protest and Revolution in Russia • The Road to Revolution • 1881, Alexander II assassinated • New ideas • Marxist socialism • Lenin (Vladimir Ilych Ulyanov) • Bolsheviks

15. Protest and Revolution in Russia • The Revolution of 1905 • Expansion continues • Ottomans pushed back, 1870s • New Slavic nations created • Into Manchuria • Defeated in Russo-Japanese war, 1904–05 • Revolution, 1905

16. Protest and Revolution in Russia • The Revolution of 1905 • Duma created • Minister Stolypin • Stolypin reforms • Kulaks

17. Map 28.2 The Russo-Japanese WarThe Russo-Japanese war focused on disputes over Chinese territory. Japan had acquired the Liaodong peninsula after its victory over China, but Russia and others forced it out and then maneuvered for territory of their own. Japan proposed a split of Manchuria but assumed negotiations would fail, and so attacked the Russian fleet at Port Arthur, and later won over Russian armies in China as well. A Russian fleet sent from the Baltic was humiliated at Tsushima Strait, which effectively ended the war.

18. Protest and Revolution in Russia • Russia and Eastern Europe • Other nations follow Russia • Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, GreeceParliaments • End to serfdom • Some industrialization • Cultural revival • Turgenev, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy • Tchaikovsky, Chopin, Liszt • Mendel, Pavlov

19. Figure 28.3 Women marching in the Russian Revolution of 1905.

20. Japan: Transformation without Revolution • The Final Decades of the Shogunate • Shogonate • Alliance with daimyos, samurai • Culture under the Tokugawa • Thriving • Neo-Confucianism • Variety of schools, terakoya • Dutch studies

21. Japan: Transformation without Revolution • The Final Decades of the Shogunate • By 1850s • Economy slowing • Rural riots

22. Japan: Transformation without Revolution • The Challenge to Isolation • Commodore Matthew Perry • 1853, Japanese ports forced to open • Shogunate bureaucrats • Open doors reluctantly • Others want to end isolation • Conservative daimyos for isolation

23. Japan: Transformation without Revolution • The Challenge to Isolation • Unrest • 1868, shogunate defeated • Meiji restoration • Emperor Mutsuhito (Meiji)

24. The Separate Paths of Japan and China • China • Government centralization • Population growth • Dynastic decline • Japan • More flexible • Benefits of imitation • Political, economic vigor in 19th century • China and Japan become enemies.

25. Japan: Transformation without Revolution • Industrial and Political Change in the Meiji State • Feudalism ended • Appointed prefects from 1871 • State expanded • Samurai officials to United States • Study, promote change

26. Japan: Transformation without Revolution • Industrial and Political Change in the Meiji State • 1873–1876, samurai class abolished • Some find new roles • Iwasaki Yataro: Mitsubishi • Political reorganization • Constitution, 1889 • House of Peers • Diet, lower house

27. Japan: Transformation without Revolution • Japan's Industrial Revolution • Westernization in other areas • Military • Banks • Railways, steamships • Tariffs, guilds removed • Ministry of Industry, 1870 • Model factories • Zaibatsu, 1890s • Industrial combines

28. Visualizing the PastTwo Faces of Western Influence

29. Visualizing the PastTwo Faces of Western Influence

30. Japan: Transformation without Revolution • Social and Diplomatic Effects of Industrialization • Population increase • Culture • Universal education • Western dress adopted • Conversion to Christianity limited • Shintoism attracts new followers

31. Japan: Transformation without Revolution • Social and Diplomatic Effects of Industrialization • Need for raw materials • Sino-Japanese War over Korea, 1894–1895 • Alliance with Britain, 1902 • War with Russia, 1904 • Korea annexed, 1910

32. Map 28.3 Japanese Colonial Expansion to 1914The map shows Japan's principal gains, but also the limitations that still frustrated Japanese nationalists.

33. Japan: Transformation without Revolution • The Strain of Modernization • Inter-generational debate • Nationalism • Emperor worship

34. American President Theodore Roosevelt at the controls of a steam shovel during construction of the Panama Canal. The Canal greatly shortened international travel times.

35. An antique Italian Red Cross poster. A winged angel bends over a fallen soldier in a frame beside the international logo. Here was a major expression of new international humanitarian impulses and political organization.

36. Five young Japanese men have arrived in London with the aim of learning from English and Western culture. Among them are Prince Ito Hirobumi (1841–1909) (top right), who would later go on to be prime minister of the first Japanese cabinet government, and Marquis Inouye (bottom left). "Study abroad" was a key element in new levels of globalization.