Lesson 20.1 : The Growth of Industry

1. Lesson 20.1: The Growth of Industry Today we will describe the growth of American industries in the late 1800s.

2. Vocabulary • patent – government document that gives an inventor exclusive rights to make or sell an invention • petroleum – oily flammable liquid that motor oil, gasoline, kerosene, and plastics are made from • business cycle – pattern of good times and bad times in the economy • demand or market – how many customers there are for a product

3. Check for Understanding • What are we going to do today? • Why is petroleum a valuable export? • Why does an inventor want to get a patent on his invention? • Why is there no market for an electric dog polisher?

4. What We Already Know American industries and manufacturing had first been spurred by the War of 1812, and the Civil War had stimulated them even more.

5. What We Already Know Since 1848, the United States had welcomed European immigrants by the millions.

6. What We Already Know In 1835, Samuel Morse developed the telegraph, which used electricity to allow people to send messages over long distances.

7. The Industrial Revolution Continues • Throughout the 1800s, factory production expanded in the United States. • By the Civil War, factory production had spread beyond New England textiles to other regions and industries. • Several factors encouraged this growth.

8. 1. Plentiful natural resources • America had immense forests and large supplies of water. • It also had vast mineral wealth, including coal, iron, copper, silver, and gold. • Industry used these resources to manufacture a variety of goods.

9. 2. Growing population • From 1860 to 1900, the U.S. population grew from 31.5 million to 76 million. • This led to a growing need for goods. • The demand for goods spurred the growth of industry.

10. 3. Improved transportation • In the early 1800s, steamboats, canals, and railroads made it possible to ship items long distances more quickly. • Railroad building boomed after the Civil War. • As shipping raw materials and finished goods became easier, industry grew.

11. 4.High immigration • Between 1860 and 1900, about 14 million people immigrated to the United States. • Many of them knew specialized trades, such as metalworking. • In addition, unskilled immigrants supplied the labor that growing industry needed. • Immigrants also can buy industrial products, adding to consumer demand.

12. 5. New inventions • New machines and improved processes helped industry produce goods more efficiently. • Inventors applied for patents for the machines or processes they invented. • A patent is a government document giving an inventor the exclusive right to make and sell his or her invention for a specific number of years.

13. 6. Investment capital • When the economy was thriving, many businesses made large profits. • Hoping to share in those profits, banks and wealthy people lent businesses money. • The businesses used this capital to build factories and buy equipment.

14. 7. Government assistance • Between 1860 and 1900 the United States imposed several tariffs on imported goods. • State and federal governments also used land grants and subsidies to help businesses grow.

15. Natural resources Growing population Improved transportation High immigrant population New inventions Investment capital Government assistance To get products to market Provides the labor Raises demand Money for new businesses Protection from foreign competition Better ways to manufacture Used in making other products Match each factor with its impact.

16. The Business Cycle • U.S. industry did not grow at a steady pace, but instead went through ups and downs. • This pattern of good and bad times is called the business cycle.

17. The Business Cycle • Good times are called booms. • During these times, people buy more and invest in business. • As a result, industries and businesses grow.

18. The Business Cycle • Bad times are known as busts, and during a bust, people buy and invest less. • As a result, businesses close and the number of unemployed people rises. • During the late 1800s, America went through a series of economic booms and busts, but U.S. industries continued to grow.

19. Steel: The Backbone of Industry • The steel industry added greatly to America’s industrial growth. • Before the mid-1800s, it took large amounts of coal to make steel. • As a result, steel was very expensive to produce.

20. Steel: The Backbone of Industry • In the 1850s, Henry Bessemer in England and William Kelly in the United States independent-ly developed a new technique for making steel that used less than one-seventh of the coal that the older process used. • It came to be called the Bessemer steel process, and it cut the cost of making steel.

21. Steel: The Backbone of Industry • As a result, the nation’s steel output greatly increased. • These products included plows, barbed wire, nails, and beams for buildings. • But the main use of steel throughout the late 1800s was for rails for the expanding railroads.

22. The Petroleum Industry • If steel is the backbone of American industry, then petroleum is its lifeblood. • In the 1850s, most Americans lit their homes with whale oil lamps. • They could have used kerosene, an oil made from coal, but it was expensive.

23. The Petroleum Industry • Then, in 1855, a chemist reported that kerosene could be made more cheaply from an oily liquid called petroleum. • However, people didn’t know how to obtain petroleum from underground. • They just gathered it slowly when it seeped to the surface.

24. The Petroleum Industry • In 1857, Edwin Drake visited a site in Pennsylvania where petroleum oozed to the surface. • Drake began drilling, and in August of 1859, he struck oil. • This event launched the oil industry.

25. How did Edwin Drake become a pioneer of industry? • He developed a new type of well-drilling machine to bring water to the Plains. • He developed the use of pipelines to • He pioneered the drilling of wells to bring petroleum up from underground. • He was the first to use canals to ship his factory’s products to the West.

26. Edisonand Electricity • The industry to create electric power got its start in the late 1800s. • By the 1870s, people had invented good generators, which are machines that make electric current. • As a result, people became eager to use electricity. • The man who found the most ways to do so was Thomas Edison.

27. Edisonand Electricity • In his laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey, he employed many assistants to do research. • Edison’s laboratory invented so many things that Edison received more than 1,000 U.S. patents, more than any other individual inventor. • Edison would start with an idea for a possible invention, then work hard to make that idea a reality—even if problems arose.

28. Edisonand Electricity • Other inventors had already created electric lights, but Edison figured out how to make a safe, steady light bulb. • After he invented a system to deliver electricity to buildings, electric lighting quickly replaced gaslights. • By the late 1880s, Edison’s factory produced a million light bulbs a year.

29. Belland the Telephone • Electricity played a role in the next step in communications, which was Alexander Graham Bell’s telephone. • When Bell showed his new telephone at the Centennial Exhibition, a large public fair that marked the 100th birthday of the United States, it amazed the scientists who saw it.

30. Inventions Change Industry • The telephone industry grew rapidly, and by 1880, more than 50,000 telephones had been sold. • The invention of the switchboard allowed more and more people to connect into a telephone network. • Women commonly worked in the new job of switchboard operator.

31. Inventions Change Industry • The typewriter also opened jobs for women. • It was invented in 1867 by Christopher Latham Sholes.

32. Inventions Change Industry • The sewing machine also changed American life. • First patented by Elias Howe in 1846, the sewing machine received many design improvements over the years.

33. Inventions Change Industry • Isaac Singer patented his version of the sewing machine in 1851 and continued to improve it. • It became a best-seller and led to a new industry, and new jobs for women.

34. Inventions Change Industry • Factories used sewing machines to produce ready-made clothes in standard sizes and popular styles. • Increasingly, many people bought clothes instead of making their own.

35. Inventions Change Industry • Other inventors helped industry advance. • Granville T. Woods was an African-American inventor who made telephone and telegraph systems better. • Margaret Knight invented machines to help with packaging and shoe-making, and she also improved motors and engines.

36. Lesson 20.2: Railroads Transform the Nation Today we will describe the building of the transcontinental railroadand the changes it brought to America.

37. What We Already Know The advent of railroads in the 1830sbrought the Age of Canals to an end, as trains became the best way to ship goods and transport people.

38. What We Already Know After the Civil War, many Americans moved into the West to settle on the Plains.

39. What We Already Know By 1890, the Western frontier was officially at an end, as every part of the country had been settled, but many Westerners were still isolated from the rest of America.

40. Deciding to Span the Continent Americans had talked about building a transcontinental railroad—one that spanned the entire continent—for years. Such a railroad would encourage people to settle the West and develop its economy.

41. Deciding to Span the Continent In 1862, Congress passed a bill that called for two companies to build a transcontinental railroad across the center of the United States. The Central Pacific, led by Leland Stanford, was to start in Sacramento, California, and build east. The Union Pacific was to start in Omaha, Nebraska, and build west.

42. Deciding to Span the Continent To build the railroad, the government loaned these two companies millions of dollars. It also gave them 20 square miles of public land for every mile of track they laid, which the railroad companies could sell to raise money.

43. Deciding to Span the Continent The Central Pacific began to lay track in 1863, and the Union Pacific in July 1865.

44. Building the Railroad The Central Pacific faced a labor shortage because most men preferred to try to strike it rich as miners.

45. Building the Railroad Desperate for workers, the Central Pacific’s managers overcame the wide–spread prejudice against the Chinese.

46. Building the Railroad The Chinese were small but they were efficient, fearless, and hard working. At the peak of construction, more than 10,000 Chinese worked on the Central Pacific.

47. The Union Pacific hired workers from a variety of backgrounds. After the Civil War ended in 1865, former soldiers from both sides, as well as former slaves, flocked to work on the railroad. Building the Railroad

48. Building the Railroad But one of the largest groups of Union Pacific workers was Irish immigrants.

49. Railroads Tie the Nation Together From opposite directions, the workers of the Central Pacific and the Union Pacific toiled across the desert between the Sierra Nevada Mountains and the Rockies. When construction ended, the Central Pacific had laid 690 miles of track and the Union Pacific 1,086 miles.

50. Railroads Tie the Nation Together By May 10, 1869, only one span of track separated the two lines at their meeting point at Promontory, Utah.