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From Republic to constitutional monarchy

From Republic to constitutional monarchy. (1625-1689). Charles I (1625-1649). Charles I succeeded his father James I in 1625. As his father he ruled as an absolute monarch He could not avoid direct confrontation with the Puritan party, who held a considerable majority in Parliament.

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From Republic to constitutional monarchy

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  1. From Republic to constitutional monarchy (1625-1689)

  2. Charles I (1625-1649) Charles I succeeded his father James I in 1625. As his father he ruled as an absolute monarch He could not avoid direct confrontation with the Puritan party, who held a considerable majority in Parliament. • A. Van Dick, Equestrian Portrait of Charles I, 1637-38, National Portrait Gallery, London

  3. Who were the Puritans? The Puritans were extreme Protestants within the Church of England; thought the English Reformation had not done enough to reform the doctrines and structure of the Church; wanted to purify their national Church by eliminating every trace of Catholic influence; wanted a true balance of power between the king and the Parliament.

  4. The Puritans: supported the Parliamentarian party; believed that personal salvation depended on God; regarded theBibleas a guideto life Individual understanding God’s will reading the Bible encouraged personal acts of mercy.

  5. Why this Puritans’ appeal Puritan austerityfitted in well with their life style based on work rather than pleasure, amusement banned because a waste of time Predestination, to have God on one’s side meant success in one’s business Individualism in commercial matters ( the basis of the Industrial Revolution of the second half of the 18th c.) corresponded to the Puritan belief in individual conscience

  6. PuritanIdeology Dark clothes Father head of the family, guide for spiritual welfare Sunday devoted to God No beauty in the Church Priest free in their dresses, distinguished by the behaviour not by special clothes Predestination( Calvinists) men born sinners, only GRACE could save man Through a holy life of hard work Poverty regarded as SIN because the improvement of social status was considered a sign of God’s salvation

  7. 3. The Civil War

  8. The two factions THE ROYALISTS sided with the king; let their hair grow long; also known as ‘Cavaliers’ included the lords, the gentry and officials of the Church of England.

  9. The two factions THE PARLAMENTARIANS supported Parliament; considered long hair sinful and cut theirs short; also called ‘Roundheads’; included London, the ports, the Navy, the new gentry and small landowners, artisans and Puritans.

  10. 4.OliverCromwell(1599-1658) An East-Anglian gentleman farmer. A brilliant leader in raising and training cavalry composed by brave Puritan soldiers. Commander-in-chief of the army in 1649. AppointedLord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland in 1653.

  11. Followed a mercantilist policy and re-organised the Navy. Passed the Navigation Acts in 1651 which stated that all English imports had to be carried in ships owned by England.

  12. The Restorationofthe monarchy After Cromwell’s death in 1658, the Protectorate collapsed. In 1660Parliament invited Charles II (1660-1685) to return from his exile in France. The Restoration of the monarchy was greeted with relief by most Englishmen oppressed by the strict rules of the Puritans.

  13. Charles II (1660-1685) His court was the most immoral in English history. London was struck by a bubonic plague in 1665. More than 100,000 people died. The Great Fire destroyed most of the city of London in four days in 1666. Puritans interpreted the two catastrophes as God’s punishment for the King’s immorality.

  14. The Royal Society Founded in 1662with King Charles II’s patronage; its motto, nullius in verba – ‘nothing by words’ – was a direct challenge to the dependence on written authorities; it became the centre of the development of the new philosophy and science.

  15. James II (1685-1688) Charles II’s brother, James II, succeeded him in 1685. He had converted to Catholicism in 1660. His attempts to give civic equality to Roman Catholic and Protestant dissenters led to conflict with the Parliament. In 1688 his second wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a son. Fearing a Catholic succession, a group of Protestant nobles appealed to William of Orange, husband of James’s older and Protestant daughter Mary.

  16. The Glorious Revolution William of Orange landedwith an army in Devon in 1688 and James II fled abroad. Cooperation between Crown and Parliament became effective with the so-called Glorious Revolution. Its name celebrates the bloodlessnessof the event, which saw William of Orange and his wife Mary established as jointmonarchsin 1689.

  17. The GloriousRevolution The reign of William III and Mary II was a time of economic progress for England. Londonbecame the financial capital of the world. The Bill of Rights of 1689 prevented the king from raising taxes or keeping an army without the agreement of Parliament.

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