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MENDEL UNIVERSITY IN BRNO

This article delves into the impact of urbanization in Africa, discussing the causes, projections, challenges, and responses. It covers topics such as health risks, social issues, environmental concerns, and initiatives addressing urbanization challenges.

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MENDEL UNIVERSITY IN BRNO

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  1. MENDEL UNIVERSITY IN BRNO The Problems of Urbanization in Africa Samuel Darkwah, Ph.D

  2. Definition of Urbanization • Shift from a rural to an urban society, and involves an increase in the number of people in urban areas

  3. Projections -Urban PopulationGrowth to 2025 (millions)

  4. Urban population size and distribution by major geographic area, 1950–2030

  5. Distribution of large cities by major geographic area, 1950–2015

  6. Urbanization rates • More than 70 per cent of the populations of Europe, North America and Latin America are already urban. • Urbanization in Africa and Asia are 39 and 41 per cent

  7. Summary of projections • Total population -increase from 794 million in 2000 to 1.489 billion in 2030. • About 70 percent of this growth will take place in African cities and towns. • Urban population is projected to more than double, from 295 million in 2000 to 748 million by 2030 • Within 25 years, Africa’s urban population will be larger than that in North America, Europe, or Latin America.

  8. Role of Africa’s Urbanization centers • Contributes to about 60% of GDP • Serve as centres of technology generation and knowledge transfer -industrialization • Employment and educational opportunities

  9. Causes of urbanization • Rapid growth of population due to: - Natural increase in cities (high fertility rates (4.7 % in 2007 compared to the global average 2.5 %) - Rural to urban migration - relative decrease in death rates compared to rural areas • Unequal pace development in: -Social service provision - housing and sanitation - preferential treatment by virtue of their location

  10. Features of urbanization in Africa • Unlike Asia and Europe, urbanization is taking place in the absence of significant industrial expansion. • Outward expansion and conversion of prime agricultural lands into residential and industrial uses. • Less inward expansion of build up areas

  11. Challenges of urbanization

  12. Health • Urbanization and Malaria-Rapid urbanization and poor sanitation is increasing malaria disease burden among urban dwellers. - 200 million people (24.6% ofthe total African population) live in urban settings(which covers 1.1–1.6% of the total African surface) and are at risk of contracting malaria - Annualincidence of about 24.8–103.2 million cases of clinical malaria (6–28% of the estimated global annual malaria incidence). • Urbanization led to infectious diseases such as pneumonia, tuberculosis and diarrhea. HIV/AIDS

  13. Education • Inadequate schools and facilities • Clustering in schools • Long distances to school

  14. Other social challenges • Increase crime and violence • Increase traffic conjection • Psychological disorders • urban slums • Weak urban planning/management • Poor governance

  15. Other social challenges • Top-down/non participative approach to urban development • Lack of gender sensitivity in programmes and projects • Social inequality and exclusion • Youth unemployment and underemployment

  16. Environmental • Polluted air and water. • Inadequate supply of clean drinking water, • Inadequate waste and sewage disposal, • Food insecurity

  17. Solid waste disposal in selected countries

  18. Urban water supply-projections

  19. Urban sanitation projections

  20. Response

  21. OUA/AU on urbanization • Active in possesses of addressing urban challenges: - 1976 in Vancouver - 1996 In Istanbul - 2000 MDG Forum - 2001 Istanbul +5 in New York • NEPAD urban cities initiative

  22. AU-NEPAD programme - Development of sustainable cities - Mapping poverty - Empowering communities and local government

  23. 2002 World Summit on sustainable Development (in Johannesburg) • urge countries to • Halve poverty and the proportion of people with no access to water and sanitation • Improve access to energy • Reduce disease burden, including HIV/AIDS • Phase out harmful chemicals

  24. Vision and Strategic Plan of AU -1 • The 2003 Maputo Decision- promoting the development of sustainable cities and Towns in Africa • In May 2004 first NEPAD Cities Forum was organised in collaboration with UN habitat - share experiences -promote the development

  25. Vision and Strategic Plan of AU-2 • Recognise the challenges faced by urban communities, planners and Manager • Articulate the need for raising the standard of living for African population • Commit to support the development of integrative role of entities • Provide the framework for enhancing the process of building the capacities of cities

  26. Way forward -1 A. Capacity building • Encourage the improvement of infrastructure and social services • Advocate for the involvement of communities in initiating, planning and implementation of urban development projects • Provide political and institutional support to alleviate urban problems-housing, sanitation, pollution reduction

  27. Way forward-2 B. Ensure overall Coherence • Focus on Holistic approaches • City authorities in their programmes, project should focus on addressing the twin problem of poverty and exclusion through: - address demographic dynamic. Health, nutrition, food security, water sanitation -with emphasis on right –based issues - Include all stakeholders in city development

  28. Way forward-3 C. Strengthen local governance -Improve good governance in the urban centers -Enhance urban planning and development -Promote public participation at all levels D. Promote livelihood based approaches E. Create favourable conditions for the private sector to participate in the development of sustainable cities F. Enhance CSOs and NGOs to play a role in promoting urban development

  29. Way forward-4 G. Narrow gender gap in the provision of resources H. Facilities Slum upgrading through targeted subsidies that bring slums into the formal economy I. Reversing government programs and tax policies that help create sprawl.

  30. Way forward-5 • J. Revitilizing already developed areas through measures such as attracting new businesses, reducing crime and improving schools; • K. Pass laws to plan and provide environmentally sound cities - Polluter pay systems • L. Transform the rural economy in order to slow the rate of urbanization.

  31. Discussion questions • Discus the projected trends of urbanization in Africa and comment on the reason for such occurrence • With reference to specific example discuss how the problem of urbanization can be solved in Africa

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