An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9

1. Exercise ScienceSection 31: Social and Ethical Problems in Sport An Introduction to Health and Physical Education Ted Temertzoglou Paul Challen ISBN 1-55077-132-9

2. A Strategy for Ethical Conduct in Sport • Sports communities and the Canadian government have been calling for more attention to be paid to ethical issues in sport. • The Canadian Strategy for Ethical Conduct in Sport was developed to: • Ensure participation in sport is safe at all levels • Prevent doping in sport • Prevent violence and harassment in sport • Create a place where sport disputes can be dealt with • Promote fair play in sport

3. A Strategy for Ethical Conduct in Sport The Canadian Center for Ethics in Sport (CCES) is working with Sport Canada, developed the Canadian Strategy for Ethical Conduct in Sport. By 2012, all stages of implementation of the strategy will be complete. The CCES hopes that this will result in firm commitment to ethical conduct by athletes, coaches, parents, and community partners.

4. Violence and Aggression in Sport • Hostile Aggression • The deliberate intent to harm another player fuelled by anger and hostility, such as a baseball brawl or hockey fight. • Instrumental Aggression • When a player is injured as a side effect of the aggressor’s attempt to achieve something else; for example, an injury that occurs during a legal football tackle.

5. Spectator Violence • Spectator-versus-spectator violence is often the result of a few people that go to a sporting event specifically to start trouble. • Spectator violence often rises when the sport is violent, such as at football or rugby games. • Soccer fans have often gone to extremes (1998 World Cup Soccer tournament).

6. Violence Against Officials and Coaches • Fans who are too serious about the outcome of a game are quick to blame the coaching and officiating when their team is performing poorly. • Example: Baseball coach Tom Gamboa, Kansas City Royals attacked by two fans in September 2002. • Parents attacking coaches and officials has been more common. • Example: Hockey parent Thomas Junta, who killed a fellow parent at a pickup game in 2000.

7. Violence Against Athletes • Athletes can be victims of violence at the hands of fans. • Example includes tennis star Monica Seles, who was attacked on the court by a fan in 1993. • Another example involved Colombian soccer player Andres Escobar, killed after scoring a goal against his own team in the 1994 World Cup. • Athletes often suffer from verbal abuse at the hands of their coach.

8. Cheating in Sports Cheating An attempt to gain an unfair advantage in training or competition by using methods or equipment prohibited by the rules of sport. Examples include: • Using banned performance-enhancing techniques • Use of illegal equipment • Attempt to influence the judges or officials through bribes • Attempt to influence the efforts of your opponents through bribes

9. Cheating in Sports • Different sport bodies deal with cheaters in different ways, depending on the transgression. • For example, some leagues or sport organizations ban players for cheating; others are more lenient, giving the cheating player a suspension.

10. Recruitment Violations Attempting to persuade a student-athlete to attend a college or university by dishonest means. Recruiting violations include: • Expensive meals and hotel rooms • In-room services, including movies, phone calls, massages • Money • Gifts • Clothing

11. Corruption of Officials and Judges • Unethical officials and judges have been a problem at the Olympic games since the modern games began. • An example includes the figure skating competition at the 2002 Winter Games in which Canadian skaters Sale and Pelletier “lost” gold medals through corrupt judging and were then awarded them retroactively.

12. Olympic Bribery • Pierre de Coubertin created the Modern Olympics with the ideal that countries could compete ethically and with respect for one another. • Sport witnessed passionate nationalism following WWII and the “Cold War,” sometimes leading to bribery as nations tried to gain an edge in competition. • An example would be the Salt Lake City Olympic Bid, 2002 Winter Olympics.

13. Drug Use in Sports • Historically, athletes have always tried to gain an advantage over other athletes – some are willing to use “any means necessary” to win. • Risks and stakes are high; drug use carries health risks but the desire to win overcomes an athlete’s caution. • An athlete’s health and his or her career are on the line every time he or she uses a banned substance.

14. History of Drug Use in Sports • First athletes charged with “doping” were swimmers in Europe in the 1860s. • The first drugs used were stimulants to “speed up” the efforts of athlete’s, such as cocaine and heroine. • Steroids were developed by the Nazis in the 1930s, who tested them on dogs and then on concentration camp prisoners. • In the 1950s, Russian and European athletes often used steroids to improve start times and overall performance.

15. The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) • WADA is an independent, international, non-governmental organization that aims to eliminate doping in sports; based in Montreal, Quebec. • WADA helped develop the following programs: • Athlete’s Passport Program – personal way athlete’s can demonstrate their commitment to drug free sporting events; stay up-to-date with current drug laws and testing regulations. • World Anti-Doping Code – uniform international agreemetn on doping by which athletes in every country will have the same anti-doping standards and regulations by the 2006 Olympic Games.

16. Recreational Drugs • Problem in the sports world and society in general long before steroid use began (marijuana, cocaine, heroin). • Illegal substances; use of them can have large impact on player’s career, even if they are not performance enhancers (Ross Rebagliati). • Large amounts of caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine are not typically viewed as drugs because of their legality but they can still have an effect on the mind and body of an athlete.

17. Tobacco and Alcohol Sponsorships • Long-standing debate between the Canadian government and the tobacco industry over advertising. • Tobacco Restraint Act, 1908, made it illegal to sell cigarettes or chewing tobacco to minors. • Tobacco Products Control Act, 1988, banned advertising on radio and television and in newspapers and magazines, and regulated labels on cigarette packaging. • In the 1990s, Bill C-71, the Tobacco Act was passed, which greatly restricted sponsorship and promotion of tobacco companies at sporting and cultural events.

18. Sports Gambling Sports gambling seems “inevitable.” Many governments have made sports gambling illegal because of the belief that it is immoral and can lead to other social problems. Those involved in the outcome of contests (coaches, athletes, officials) are susceptible to bribery. In Canada, betting on sporting events is legal but highly regulated (Pro-Line, offshore wagering, horse racing).