A ECL 365 SI EXAM 1 REVIEW

1. A ECL 365 SI EXAM 1 REVIEW Click to Start

2. Final Jeopardy

3. _______ must be testable, falsifiable, and make predictions.

4. Hypothesis Continue

5. What is the two-part name given to each species?

6. Binomial Nomenclature Continue

7. Which class of vertebrates contains the largest number of species. Which contains the fewest?

8. Osteichthyes contains the highest, Mammalia contains the fewest Continue

9. What is the difference between sympatric and allopatric speciation?

10. Allopatric speciation occurs when a new species arises due to geographic isolation. Sympatric speciation occurs when a new species arises without geographic isolation. Continue

11. What 4 characteristics do all chordates share at some point in development?

12. 1. Notochord2. Pharyngeal Slits3. Post-Anal Tail4. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord Continue

13. What 4 conditions need to be met in order for natural selection to occur?

14. 1. More individuals must be born than can reach adulthood.2. There must be variation within the population.3. This variation must be inheritable.4. This variation must result in differences in fitness. Continue

15. Why are amphibians obligately tied to water?

16. Their skin and eggs are both at risk of desiccation. Continue

17. What are the 3 orders in Lissamphibia?

18. 1. Anura – Frogs and Toads2. Gymnophiona – Caecilians 3. Caudata/Urodela - Salamanders Continue

19. What are the two subgroups of the Osteichthyes?

20. 1. Actinopterygii – Ray-finned Fishes2. Sarcopterygii – Lobe-finned Fishes Continue

21. What two evolutionary breakthroughs are associated with Gnathostomata and why are they important?

22. Paired fins and jaws. These allow vertebrates to occupy new predatory niches to rapidly diversify Continue

23. What are the 3 hypotheses for why tetrapod ancestors moved to land?

24. 1. Lots of food on land2. Less predators on land3. Less competition on land Continue

25. Give a couple examples of challenges tetrapod ancestors would face by moving on to land.

26. 1. Gravity requires a skeleton that must support weight and a circulatory system that can pump blood.2. Gills don’t function in air3. Eggs and body covering desiccate quickly. Continue

27. Why is the amniotic egg important for the evolution of vertebrates?

28. It broke the tie to water, allowing vertebrates to lay their eggs on land. Continue

29. What do the terms endotherm and homeotherm mean?

30. 1. Homeotherms are animals that maintain a nearly constant body temperature2. Endotherms are animals that supply their own body heat using metabolic processes Continue

31. There are two lineages within the diapsid reptiles. What are they and what do they contain?

32. 1. Lepidosaurs - tuataras, lizards, and snakes2. Archelosaurs - turtles, crocodiles, and birds Continue

33. In the amniotic egg, what is the yolk, allantois, and amnion used for?

34. 1. Yolk provides nutrition to the embryo2. Allantois contains waste made by the embryo3. Amnion keeps the embryo in an aqueous environment Continue

35. What are three adaptations birds have to allow flight?

36. 1. Toothless bill, rapid digestion, hollow/fused bones, and a single ovary to reduce weight2. 4-chambered heart, flow-through respiratory system, and endothermic homeothermy to keep up with their metabolism3. Keeled sternum and furcula to serve as anchor points and attachment for flight muscles Continue

37. What are the 4 hypotheses for the evolution of powered flight in bird ancestors?

38. 1. Arboreal: ancestors lived in trees and would glide in between branches.2. Cursorial I: ancestors were cursorial predators and used their wings to increase lift. 3. Cursorial II: ancestors were cursorial predators and used their wings to subdue prey.4. Cursorial III: ancestors were cursorial predators and used their wings to increase lift while running on water. Continue

39. How are the jaws of mammals distinct from other vertebrates?

40. They have squamosal-dentary jaw articulation, meaning the entire lower jaw is made up of a single bone Continue

41. What happened to the other jaw bones mammals don’t have?

42. They migrated to the middle ear, allowing for more acute hearing.*note: the stapes was ALREADY present and is found in other vertebrate lineages Continue

43. Mammals and their direct ancestors have a body posture different from other tetrapods. How is it different and why would it be beneficial?

44. Mammals have a “limb under the body” posture while other tetrapods generally have a sprawling posture. It allows for locomotion to be paired with respiration, making them more efficient. Continue

45. Vertebrates have two types of bone. What are they and what is the difference between them?

46. 1. Endochondral – bones that develop from a cartilage precursor.2. Dermal – bones that don’t develop from a cartilage precursor. Continue

47. Arthropods have an exoskeleton while vertebrates have an endoskeleton. What do these terms mean and what are pros and cons for each?

48. 1. Exoskeleton – an external skeleton made of chitin. Great for protection but must be molted to allow for growth.2. Endoskeleton – an internal skeleton made of bone or cartilage. Not as strong but can grow with the animal without need for molting. Continue

49. As we move up the vertebrate phylogeny, what are some general trends we see in elaboration of the skeletal system?

50. Fewer bones in the skull, specialization of vertebrae, and interlocking of vertebrae Continue