European monitoring of particulate matter at the local, regional and global scale

1. European monitoring of particulate matter • at the local, regional and global scale • Introduction - EMEP and its relation to other major European monitoring activities (emphasis on particulate matter) • Future monitoring strategy • Global or hemispheric issues • www.emep.int

2. It started with ”acid rain” and fish death • - now developed into a multi-compound and multi-effect framework; • Acidification and Eutrophication (ecosystems) • Sulphur, Nitrogen, base cations • Photochemical oxidants (ecosystems, health, climate) • Tropospheric ozone, precursors (NOx, VOC) • Heavy metals (ecosystems and health) • Pb, Cd, Hg, +++ • Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) (ecosystems, health) • PAH, PCB, HCB, Chlordane, DDT/DDE... • Particulate matter (health, climate) • PM mass, chemical speciation, physical characterisation Area with lost fish stocks Gills - not damaged Gills - damaged

3. UN-ECEConvention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution - 49 Parties - 8 Specific protocols European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP) - 41 Parties The EMEP vision; To be the main science based and policy-driven instrument for international cooperation in atmospheric monitoring and modelling activities, emission inventories and projections, and integrated assessment to help solve transboundary air pollution problems in Europe

4. Information fluxes within CLRTAP WGSR Implementation Committee WGE EMEP Assessment of Air Quality trends, transport fluxes Assessment of effects Proposed strategies Emission data Source-receptor relationships Critical load maps CCE CIAM MSC-W MSC-E CCC Transport fluxes Emissions Costs, technologies Monitored data Critical load Stock at risk Scenarios Countries

5. Exceed. of critical loads for waters

8. Proposal for a reformulation of the objectives for EMEP monitoring; ”The core objective of EMEP monitoring is to provide in the long-term a full description of the essential physico-chemical data in air and precipitiation to allow the understanding of long-range transboundary transmission of air pollutants and the processes occuring during transmission (eq. Level 1 + level 2). For this purpose observations should be made with a temporal resolution allowing resolve the synoptic scale transport (thus recommended not to exceed 24 hours) EMEP monitoring shall also include the use of other data in order to adequately assess of deposition fluxes, exposure levels and their associated trends”.

9. EMEP monitoring strategy, 2004-2009 • Key issues; • Long term operation of atmosperic chemistry monitoring is essential • Process understanding, model development for cost efficient abatement and for documenting changes • Several requirements • Funding, Competence, Ovnership and national involvement, transparency, comparability, quality, • Foundation in Conventions or legislation is important to ensure long-term operation • It is in the interest of the Parties that monitoring is cost-efficient and have a multi-purpose application • Make of use existing infrastructure and avoid duplication • Integration of scales • Integration of topics • How to make use of ”best science” and new technologies • But at the same time conserve consistency

10. Network density Reflect phenomenon of interest Resolve geographical gradients Correspond with model resolution users request higher resolution ”All” Parties should participate Lower density at level 2 and level 3 Key elements in the new strategy Requirements with respect to site location, representativity, network density parameters to be requested temporal resolution methods to be used new opportunities Describes the various topics, current status and monitoring requirements Level 1 requirements Proposal for level 2 Level 3 activities required Financial constraints Parameters required to adequately understand... having an effect Precursors, indirectly influencing,.. Use other data where existing and relevant New substances Temporal resolution Correspond with model resolution Correspond with relevant processes Allow the study air mass origin Data quality New use; intercont., EO, data assimilation...

11. Data availability and quality

12. Results from the 20thEMEP laboratory inter-calibration (absolute value of the average percent error).

13. Field intercomparison – Switzerland (Dübendorf) The method for measuring SO2 and NO2 (TEI 43C TL) at the Swiss EMEP sites are similar to the one tested in Dübendorf, i.e. UV-fluorescence and chemiluminescence (Horiba APNA 360) monitors respectively. SO2 NO2 The SO2 monitor has interference with NO and H2O For NO2, the bias may to some extent be explained by the non-specific NO2 detection with molybdenum converters.

14. Field intercomparison – The Netherlands (Bilthoven) The Dutch measurements of SO2 and NO2 are done using UV-fluorescence and chemiluminescence monitors respectively. The analysis of SO42- and NO3- are done on PM10 aerosol samples SO2 SO4 NO2 NO3

15. Comparison of SO2 measurements (filterpack vs. TCM) in Germany and Turkey Schauinsland (DE03) Neuglobsow(DE07) Zingst (DE09) Cubuk II, TR01

16. Insufficient site/parameter density • South, East..., • Aerosol data, gas-particle resolved chemistry, flux data • Less in-situ research measurements expected • Large increase in the monitoring of ”target parameters” EMEP ozone sites EMEP VOC sites

17. PM10 measurements (2001)

18. A ”level” approach is introduced

19. Mandatory for all Parties PM2,5 15-25 sites across Europe (regional collaboration)

20. Voluntary (also non-EMEP)

21. Major challenges; • Emission inventories • Relevant and adequate measurement programme • Formation of secondary in- and organic particulate matter • Particle dynamics • Model development and validation • Integrated assessment Requirements to the measurement programme • Chemical mass closure • full characterisation of inorganic compounds • EC/OC determination • Improved OC characterisation • Speciation as function of size • Physical characterisation • number size distribution • surface area distribution • Vertical resolution • Lidar • (Optical properties)

22. Comparison of PPM emission estimates for Poland National emissions relate only to stationary sources, and if mobile sources are included values would be significantly higher than the two international estimates

23. Radiative forcing by sulphate and by carbonaceous material

24. Mean aerosol chemical composition in Gent (B), Bologna (I) and Barcelona(E) at 50<PM10<60 µg m-3 level (Putaud et al., 2002).

25. EMEP EC/OC campaign(running from 1st July 2002 untill 30 June 2003)Samples are taken during 24 hours (Tuesday-Wednesday) Analysis by Termo-optical method at the EMEP CCC Intercomparison with two external laboratories (Hillamo and Maenhaut) OC-speciation for a subset of samples

26. Influence of emissions from North America, Europe, and Asia on global ozone concentrations (from Li et al., 2002).

27. Intercontinental transport of Hg Deposition to Europe Deposition from Europe, t/y MSC-E

28. Average Tropospheric NO2 Column Density During 1997, GOME Vertical NO2 Column Density [1014 molec/cm2] Carsten Leue, 1999

29. Mean aerosol optical depth at 0.555µm over Europe in August 1997 derived from ATSR-2 satellite data.

30. GMES - Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (EU/ESA) Four elements Space systems - In-Situ systems - Data integration and info - Services ”To adequately deploy GMES services by 2008, substantial improvements will be required in in-situ observing systems both at EU and global levels......” ”GMES will complement existing field based monitoring networks by closing gaps, ensuring sustainability of services and securing access to data and information. In the longer term, the objective will be to progressively improve coordination in the deployment and operations of different thematic in-situ networks and surveys to optimise national investments and avoid redundant data collection”.

31. EU-FP5; GMES (to assist definition of GMES (2008) 32 initial period projects 5 on atmosphere (CREATE, DAEDALUS, APMOSPHERE, Met-Moniteur, GMES-GATO) ESA; GSE (GMES Service Element) development of technical services (CAPACITY, PROMOTE) EU-FP6; SPACE/GMES Call for an IP to develop an ”Pre-operational service....” From 2008; GMES capacity established -> 200 mEuro per annum

32. Jennings (NUI, Galway); • Tørseth (NILU); • Wilson (JRC); • Schulz, (LSCE); • Baltensperger (PSI); • Wiedensohler (IfT); • tenBrink(ECN); • de Leeuw (TNO); • Viisanen (FMI); • Kulmala (HEL); • Mihalopoulos, (ECPL); • Boesenberg, (MPG-IMET) The goals of the CREATE and DAEDALUS projects are to advise on the optimum use of aerosol in-situ, ground-based and satellite remote sensing data to meet the users’ needs, to deliver data and information to the users, to make proposals for aerosol monitoring as part of the European capacity to be established for GMES and to develop the methodologies necessary for delivering operational aerosol products. Funded under the EU 5FP Programme Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development : EESD-ENV-2002-GMES www.nilu.no/projects/ccc/create

33. Lessons learned and Deficiencies/Gaps • Long term sampling of aerosols is lacking and is needed to determine trends • There is lack of coverage in the vertical (from LIDAR, balloon, aircraft and satellite platforms) for both the troposphere and stratosphere • Lack of new fast response aerosol techniques and instrumentation to determine aerosol chemical composition and aerosol optical properties • Insufficient ground based networks representative of major aerosol types and regions for model intercomparisons and ground truth satellite validation • In-situ Observing Systems lack dedicated funding support and rely mostly on ‘ad hoc’ funding • Access to European satellite products have proven to be slow • Lack of accurate emission inventories of aerosols and their precursors which are needed for model inputs • Interaction between existing observing stations needs strengthening • Recommendations • Need for longer term sustainable observational sites with dedicated funding • Requirement of harmonised in situ networks • ‘Supersites’ are required to provide leading edge monitoring capabilities • Integration is required between ground based observation networks with satellite data and with modelled products • Validation of satellite derived products is required using in-situ ground truth and vertical profile / columnar data • Need to set up a QA/QC centre(s) in order to ensure quality data for data users • Future funding programmes should include provision for support of training of station operators and data providers. • Archiving of data with a uniform data exchange standard, and support for submission to Database Centres should be of prime importance in future Programme Proposal calls • Need for Supersites with advanced instrumentation (for aerosols and gases) to add to usual measurements made at other network monitoring sites • Enhancement of existing observing networks as well as development of new in-situ observing systems are needed • Need for improved access of data, and transferability of data products to user groups.