Clauses of Time

1. Clauses of Time • Clauses of time are introduced by: after, as, as long as, as soon as, just as, once, since, when, before, by the time (= before, not later than), while, until/till (= up to the time when), the moment (that), whenever, every time, immediately,no sooner ..... than ....... ,hardly ....... when ....... etc. Hebought a villaas soon ashe got the money. He will have finished repairing the carby the timeyou arrive there. The castaway had to wait five years until he was rescued. • Time clauses follow the rule of the sequence of tenses; that is, when the verb of the main clause is in a present or future form, the verb of the time clause is in a present form, and when the verb of the main clause is in a past form, the verb of the time clause is in a past form too. Note that will and wouldarenever used in clauses of time. I’llgive it to you whenyou tell me why you want it. (not: when you will tell me)

2. I'll cook dinner as soon as I've finished washing up. She had finished reading beforethey came home.(not: before they come home) When the time clause precedes the main clause, a comma is used. When the time clause follows, no comma is used. When he finishes,he can go home. He can go home when he finishes. • when (time conjunction) + present tense When he comes, he'll tell you. when (question word) + will/would When will he come? • If is used for things which may happen. Wait for me ifI'm late. When is used for things which are sure to happen. I'll be backwhen I finish shopping.

3. Clauses of Reason • Clauses of reason are introduced by: as, since, because, for, inasmuch as, the reason (why,for), on the grounds that, nowthat, seeing that,in view of the fact that etc. As he was late for work, he got a taxi. For always comes after a comma in written speech or a pause in oral speech. / didn't tell him anything,forI don't trust him. • Other ways of expressing reason: Because of/Due to / Owing to / On account of + noun/-ingShe was late because of/due to / owing to / on account of heavy traffic. Because of/Due to / Owing to / On account of + the fact that..Because of the fact that/Due tothe fact thatit had been snowing for four days, all roads were closed.

4. Clauses of Result • Clauses of result are introduced by: that (after such/so...), (and) as a result, (and) as a consequence, consequently, so etc... such a(n) + (adjective) +singular countable It wassuch a nice dress that she bought it. such + (adjective) + uncountable /plural noun It wassuch bad weather that we stayed indoors. such + a lot of + noun There weresuch a lot of people on the bus that there were no seats left. .

5. so + adjective/adverb He speaksso quickly that hardly anyone can understand him. so +much/many/little/few + noun She wonso much money in the lottery that she bought a villa. so+ adjective + a(n) + noun It was so delicious a cake that we ate it all. (not usual) It is so hot a day that everyone is going to the beach. as a result/therefore/consequently/so + clause He didn't have a visa and as a result he couldn't enter thecountry.therefore consequently so

6. Expressing Purpose - Clauses of Purpose • to/in order to/so as to + inf I'll leave home early to get to work on time. (informal) She's studying so as to qualify as a lawyer, (formal) • so that + can/will(present/future reference) She works hard so that she will have better careerprospects. • so that + could/would(past reference) He gave me directions so thatI could find his house easily. • with a view to/with the aim of + -ing form He did a Master's degree with the aim of applyingfor a managerial post. • for + noun/-ing form This is a knife forcuttingbread. • in case + Present (present/future reference) I'll write it down incaseI forgetit. • in case + Past (past reference) He took an umbrella incaseit rained. He took a torch in case there was no light in the attic. Affirmative Purpose is expressed with;

7. • so as not/in order not + to -inf • She studied hardso as not/in order not to fail hertest. • • so that + can't/won't (present/future reference) • Tie up the dogso that it won't get out of the garden. • so that + couldn't/wouldn't(past reference) • She locked the doorso thatburglars couldn't get in. • • for fear/lest + might/should • He didn't say where he was goingfor fear he mightbe followed. • for fear ofsth/doing sth • He gave them all his moneyfor fear of being shot. • • NOTE: Clauses of Purpose follow the rule of the sequence of tenses.She's going to buya dictionary so thather spelling will improve. • They tiedhim up so that he wouldn't escape. Negative Purpose is normally expressed with:

8. Expressing Concession- Clauses of Concession Concession is expressed with: although/even though/though + clause Although(even though,though) it was expensive, she bought it. NOTE : Though can be at the end of the sentence. Despite/in spite of + noun/-ing form Despite his wealth/being rich, he never lends money. Despite/in spite ofthe fact + that-clause In spiteof the fact that he's rich, he never lends money. while/whereas/but/on the otherhand/yet / still + clause He worked hard,yet he failed to meet the deadline. nevertheless/however / nonetheless / all the same / even so + clause He’s a nice guy.Even so,I don’t trust him.

9. however/no matter how + adj/adv + subject + verb However clever you are, you won't solve this puzzle. However fast he runs, he won't catch the robbers. whatever/no matter what + clause Whatever you do, you won't succeed. adj/adv + though + subject + verb Loudly though he knocked on the door, nobodyheard. • adj/adv + as + subject + verb Exhausted as she was, she went to the party. • Note that a comma is used when the clause of concession either precedes or follows the main clause. Whatever she says, he won't believe her. He won't believe her, whatever she says.

10. Clauses of Manner Clauses of manner are; as if / as though (after act, appear, be,behave, feel, look,seem,smell,sound,taste), as, how, in the way that,in the same way, in the same way as. Try to do in the same way I showed you. • Note how the tense forms are used after as if / as though: • as if / as though + any tense form (showing similarity / probability) • She feels as if she has got a temperature. • She sounded as though she had a cold. • as if / as though + Past Simple / Past Cont. (unreal in the present) • She acts as if she knew everything. (but she doesn’t.) • as if / as though + Past Perfect (unreal in the past) • He felt as if they had misjudged him. ( but they hadn’t.) • She was trembling as though she had seen a ghost.