Mobilizing American Power in World War I

1. STANDARD(S): 11.1 Students analyze the significant events in the founding of the nation. LESSON OBJECTIVES/ GOALS/ SWBAT • Describe how the United States mobilized for war. • Summarize U.S. battlefield successes. • Identify the new weapons and the medical problems faced in World War I. • Describe U.S. offensives and the end of the war.

2. A BULLDOG ALWAYS Commitment Attitude CARES Respect Encouragement Safety

3. Section 2 American Power Tips the Balance The United States mobilize a large army and navy to help the Allies achieve victory. NEXT

4. SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance America Mobilizes Raising an Army • Selective Service Act—men register, randomly chosen for service • African Americans in segregated units, excluded from navy, marines • Soldiers train for 8 months, often drill with fake weapons • Women in army, navy, marines as nurses secretaries, phone operators NEXT

5. SECTION 2: AMERICAN POWER TIPS THE BALANCE • America was not ready for war – only 200,000 men were in service when war was declared • Congress passed the Selective Service Act in May of 1917 • By the end of 1918, 24 million had signed up and almost 3 million were called to duty • About 2 million American troops reached Europe

7. Guided Reading: 1. How did the United States raise an army? • Congress passed the Selective Service Act, which required 24 million men to register for the draft.

8. FRESH U.S. SOLDIERS JOIN FIGHT • After 2 ½ years of fighting, the Allied forces were exhausted • One of the main contributions of the Americans was fresh and enthusiastic troops • American infantry were nicknamed “doughboys” because of their white belts • Most doughboys had never ventured far from the farms or small towns they lived in

9. SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance America Mobilizes Mass Production • To expand fleet to transport men, food, equipment to Europe, U.S.: - gives special status to shipyard workers - uses fabrication techniques - takes over commercial, private ships NEXT

10. Guided Reading:How did US soldiers help win the war? Brought freshness and enthusiasm; Helped stop German advances on Paris and several other French cities; Helped win the Second Battle of the Marne.

13. 3. How did the United States expand its navy so quickly? • It exempted shipyard workers from the draft, • Used a public relations campaign to stress the importance of shipbuilding • Used prefabrication techniques • And took control of private ships for transatlantic duty.

14. SECTION 2 America Turns the Tide U.S. Navy Contributions • Convoy system—destroyers escort merchant ships across Atlantic - losses drop dramatically • Navy helps lay mines across North Sea, keep U-boats out of Atlantic • 1918, Germans have difficulty replacing boats, trained submariners NEXT

18. Guided Reading:4. How did the US Navy help win the war? • Broke the German blockade by suggesting the convoy system to the British and then putting it into practice; • Helped lay down a barrier of mines in the North Sea.

19. SECTION 2 America Turns the Tide • Fighting in Europe • After 2 1/2 years fighting, Allied forces are exhausted, demoralized • American troops bring numbers, freshness, enthusiasm NEXT

21. SECTION 2 Fighting “Over There” Doughboys in Europe • General John J. Pershing leads American Expeditionary Force - soldiers impressed by cities, shocked by battle NEXT

23. SECTION 2 Fighting “Over There” • New Weapons • By 1917, British learn to use tanks to clear path for infantry • Early planes flimsy, only do scouting; later ones stronger, faster • - carry machine guns, heavy bomb loads • American ace Eddie Rickenbacker, other pilots in dogfights • Observation balloons used extensively, prime target of ace pilots NEXT

24. Eddie Rickenbacker

25. NEW WEAPONS OF WAR • Machine Guns • Fire over 600 bullets per minute.

26. NEW WEAPONS OF WAR • Poison Gas • Odorless, kills and blinds • mustard gas was used to subdue the enemy

27. Animals were also susceptible to gas

28. NEW WEAPONS OF WAR • Tanks • Armor plated vehicles • tanks ran on caterpillar treads

29. NEW WEAPONS OF WAR • Airplanes • Used for scouting, bombing and strafing • Early dogfights resembled duals,

30. NEW WEAPONS OF WAR Blimps

31. NEW WEAPONS OF WAR Flame Throwers

32. NEW WEAPONS OF WAR Grenade Launchers

33. NEW WEAPONS OF WAR Submarines

35. Machine Guns killed in the thousands • Using effective crossfire

36. C – How did World War I change the nature of warfare? • WWI introduced new weapons and redefined existing weapons; • Tanks and airplanes helped introduce mechanized warfare.

37. Guided Reading:What new weapons of mechanized warfare threatened those in combat? • Zeppelins (gas-filled airships) • Machine guns • Tubes that spewed poison gas • Tanks • Airplanes

39. SECTION 2 The War Introduces New Hazards • New Problems of War • New weapons and tactics lead to horrific injuries, hazards • Troops amidst filth, pests, polluted water, poison gas, dead bodies • Physical problems include dysentery, trench foot, trench mouth NEXT

41. D – What were the physical and psychological effects of this new kind of warfare? • The new warfare caused physical ailments such as trench-foot • And psychological ailments such as shell shock.

42. SECTION 2 American Troops Go on the Offensive Allies Stop German Advance • Russia pulls out of war 1917; Germans shift armies to western front - come within 50 miles of Paris • Americans help stop German advance, turn tide against Central Powers Continued . . . NEXT

43. AMERICAN TROOPS GO ON THE OFFENSIVE • When Russia surrendered to the Germans in 1917, it allowed the Central Powers to focus on the Western Front • By May, the Germans were within 50 miles of Paris • The Americans arrived and immediately played a major role in pushing the Germans back • In July and August the Americans helped the Allies win the Second Battle of the Marne Men of the 42nd Division during the Second Marne. These men were killed by artillery fire just 5 minutes after this photo was taken

44. SECTION 2 American Troops Go on the Offensive American War Hero • Conscientious objector—person who opposes war on moral grounds • Originally a conscientious objector, Alvin York decides WWI is just • Alone kills 25 Germans; with 6 others, captures 132 prisoners • Promoted to sergeant; becomes U.S. celebrity Continued . . . NEXT

45. AMERICAN WAR HERO • Alvin York, a blacksmith from Tennessee, originally sought an exemption from the war as a Conscientious Objector • York eventually decided it was morally acceptable to fight if the cause was right • On October 8, 1918, armed with only a rifle and a revolver, York killed 25 Germans and (with six doughboys) captured 132 prisoners • Upon his return home he was promoted to Sergeant and hailed a hero The man The movie

46. E – How did American forces help the Allies win the war? • American forces helped stop the German advance • and turned the tide against the Central Powers.

47. SECTION 2 continuedAmerican Troops Go on the Offensive • The Collapse of Germany • November 3, 1918, Austria-Hungary surrenders to Allies • German sailors, soldiers rebel; socialists establish German republic • - kaiser gives up throne • Germans exhausted; armistice, or truce, signed November 11, 1918 NEXT

48. GERMANY COLLAPSES, WAR ENDS • On November 3, 1918, Germany’s partner, Austria-Hungary, surrendered to the Allies • That same day, German sailors mutinied against their government • Other revolts followed, and Germany was too exhausted to continue • So at the eleventh hour, on the eleventh day, of the eleventh month of 1918, Germany signed a truce ending the Great War War ends 11/11/18

49. SECTION 2 continuedAmerican Troops Go on the Offensive • The Final Toll • World War I bloodiest war in history to date • - more than half of 22 million dead are civilians • - 20 million more are wounded • 10 million people become refugees NEXT