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Digital Fundamentals

Digital Fundamentals. CHAPTER 12 Introduction to Computers. The Basic Computer. The Basic Computer. Central processing unit (CPU) Memories and storage Input/output ports Buses. The Computer System. Central processing unit (CPU) Memories and storage Input/output ports Buses.

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Digital Fundamentals

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  1. Digital Fundamentals CHAPTER 12Introduction to Computers

  2. The Basic Computer

  3. The Basic Computer • Central processing unit (CPU) • Memories and storage • Input/output ports • Buses

  4. The Computer System • Central processing unit (CPU) • Memories and storage • Input/output ports • Buses

  5. The Computer System

  6. Microprocessors

  7. Microprocessors • Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) • Instruction decoder (normally part of the ALU) • Register array • Control Unit

  8. Microprocessors Basic Operations • Perform arithmetic and logic operations • Move data between memory locations and input/output ports • Make decisions and act accordingly

  9. Microprocessors • Programming Operations • Data transfer • Arithmetic and logic • Bit manipulation • Loops and jumps • Strings • Subroutines and interrupts • Control

  10. The Software Model for the Pentium Processor

  11. The Software Model for the Pentium Processor • Basic operation • Fetch an instruction from memory • Decode the instruction • Execute the instruction

  12. The Software Model for the Pentium Processor • 8086/8088 Architecture • Bus interface unit (BIU) • Execution unit(EU)

  13. The Software Model for the Pentium Processor • Bus Interface Unit (BIU) • Instruction pointer (IP) • Instruction queue • Segment registers • CS • DS • SS • ES

  14. The Software Model for the Pentium Processor • Execution Unit (EU) • ALU • General registers • Data set • Accumulator (AH, AL) • Base index (BH, BL) • Count (CH, CL) • Data (DH, DL) • Pointer and index set • Stack pointer (SP) • Base pointer (BP) • Destination index (DI) • Source index (SI) • Flags

  15. Computer Programming

  16. Computer Programming • Levels of programming languages • Types of instructions

  17. Computer Programming • Levels of Programming Languages • Computer hardware • Machine language • Assembly language • High-level language

  18. Computer Programming • Types of Instructions • Data transfer • Arithmetic • Bit manipulation • Loops and jumps • Strings • Subroutines and interrupts • Processor control

  19. Interrupts

  20. Interrupts • Polled I/O • Interrupt-driven I/O • Software interrupt

  21. Internal System Interfacing

  22. Internal System Interfacing • Multiplexed buses • Bus signals • Tristate buffers • Bus contention • Multiplexed buses

  23. Standard Buses

  24. Standard Buses • Internal buses • External buses • Serial I/O interface buses • Parallel I/O interface buses

  25. Standard Buses • Serial I/O interface buses • RS-232C • IEEE 1394 • Universal serial bus (USB)

  26. Standard Buses • Parallel I/O interface buses • IEEE 488 (GPIB) • Small computer system interface (SCSI)

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