Blood

1. Blood • Liquid medium that transports material • Consists of: • Plasma: nonliving part of blood (90% water) which is involved in transport and regulating body temperature • Red Blood Cells • White Blood Cells • Platelets

2. Red Blood Cells • Made in bone marrow • As RBC’s mature, they lose their nucleus • This gives the cells more room to carry hemoglobin.

3. Hemoglobin carries oxygen to the body cells and carries carbon dioxide to the lungs. Hemoglobin is what makes blood red Hemoglobin

4. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning • Hemoglobin combines with carbon monoxide instead of oxygen and your cells will not get oxygen.

6. Platelets Involved in blood clotting Formed in bone marrow

7. WBC’s Fight Infection Increase in # when antigens enter the body. Antigen – any foreign particle that enters the body (virus, bacteria, etc.)

8. Types of WBC’s Phagocytes: engulf invaders Lymphocytes: produce antibodies • http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072495855/student_view0/chapter2/animation__phagocytosis.html

9. Flag an invader for killing by phagocytes or in some cases neutralize the invader itself. Antibodies are specific Antibodies

10. Antibody Specificity Antibodies bind to specific antigens (the outer coating of a foreign substance)

11. Immune System Defense system against pathogens (invading organisms).

12. Common Pathogens Virus – nonliving microscopic particles that invade organisms Bacteria - single celled microorganisms

13. Disease Results when the body is unable to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis – ability of an organisms to maintain a constant internal environment regardless of the changing external environment.

14. How does the immune system help to maintain homeostasis? The immune response

15. Immune Response – 1st Line of Defense Skin Nose Hairs Mucous Membranes (digestive and respiratory tracts) HCL (stomach)

16. Immune Response – Second Line of Defense • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JnlULOjUhSQ&feature=player_embedded • Non-specific response • White Blood Cells • Phagocytes= engulf or ‘eat’ foreign particles (antigens)

17. Inflammatory Response • Can occur from a cut, allergies, etc. • WBCs go to the area, turning the affected area red, swollen and warm • Different WBCs perform different functions • Phagocytosis- eat the antigen • Release enzymes to break down antigens • Release a chemical called histamine

18. Histamine and allergies • Cause the blood vessels wider to allow more blood flow to area. • Histamine prompts tears and runny noses (typical symptoms of a person with allergies) • Taking antihistamines deactivates histamine (allergy medication)

19. 3rd Line • SPECIFIC! • Lymphocytes – T-Cells (mature in Thymus) and B-Cells (come from Bone marrow)

20. B-cells and T-cells • B-cells: Make antigen specific antibodies. • The antibodies recognize and lock on to the antigen (marks it) • T-cells (killer T-cells) attack the antigen that the b-cells have marked • Helper T-cells tell the T-cells where to go and tell B-cells when to divide/start making antibodies

21. Why can’t you get the chicken pox virus twice?

22. Active Immunity Occurs when the body makes its own antibodies to a particular antigen Once your body produces antibodies to a particular disease the next time you are exposed to the same disease you will already have the antibodies stored so you will fight it off faster. Stored as memory cells Example: Chicken Pox

24. Why do doctors inject you with a small dose of a virus when they give you a vaccination?

25. Vaccinations Vaccinations are an example of active immunity. Vaccinations are injections of a weakened form of a particular pathogen. This injection stimulates antibody production which will provide active immunity if you are ever exposed to the pathogen.

26. Passive Immunity Temporary immunity to a particular disease produced by injection of antibodies into the body. (ie: antibiotics) These antibodies are obtained from other people or animals. (ex: breast feeding babies) This is only temporary immunity

27. Blood Typing and Transfusions 3 Types: A, B, O The difference is the presence or absence of particular antigens on the RBC’s surface If a person is given the wrong blood type the body recognizes it as foreign and will produce antibodies to fight it. This results in the clumping of blood which will clog capillaries and result in death.

29. Transplants Transplant rejection occurs when the body recognizes the organ as foreign and mounts an immune response against it. Immunosuppressant drugs – suppress the immune system so it does not attack the transplanted organ.

30. Allergies • Allergy – the body does not recognize ordinary things like pollen, shrimp, or peanuts and the immune system reacts.

31. Blood Wars • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NbQjcEZO0TA&feature=player_embedded • http://vampirestudygroup.com/bloodwars/

32. Autoimmune disease Body does not recognize self molecules and mounts an immune response against itself. Examples: Diabetes (attacks cells of pancreas), MS (attacks cells of the nervous system), Lupus (cells attack normal tissue)

33. Anemia • a decrease in number of red blood cells • Poor quality of hemoglobin

34. Sickle Cell Anemia • A genetic disorder where the red blood cells are sickle shaped. • Can block blood flow in blood vessels

36. Rheumatoid Arthritis • Immune system attacks bones and joints

37. Hemophilia • Platelet Disease • Normal blood clotting can’t occur http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0ZoEGnTAM0&feature=related

38. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) • HIV specifically attacks WBC’s so it makes it difficult to fight off a common pathogen. • HIV becomes AIDS when the WBC count falls below 200.

39. HIV is transmitted through the exchanging of bodily fluids • Unprotected sex • Blood (ex: injection drug use) • Young people (under 25 years old) account for half of all new HIV infections worldwide. • 7000 people between the ages of 15– 24 are infected with HIV daily.

40. Leukemia- cancer of the blood/bone marrow • Bone marrow makes abnormal WBCs • Grow faster than normal cells • Don’t stop growing when supposed to • Over time, Leukemia cells can crowd out the normal cells

41. What is the function of blood vessels? How are veins and arteries different? What is your pulse? What is the function of capillaries?

42. Review • What is the difference between a phagocyte and lymphocyte? • Why can’t an antibody for the chicken pox virus fight off the flu virus?

43. Do Now: What is the blood composed of and what is the function of each component? What would happen to an individual if they did not have platelets? What do red blood cells transport? How are white blood cells like defenders in an army?

44. Do Now: • What happens if a person is given the wrong blood type? • What do immunosuppressant drugs do? • What is an allergy and what is our body’s response to it?

45. Do Now Why do doctors inject you with a weakened form of a pathogen when giving you a vaccination? What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity? What is your first line of defense? What happens when pathogens get through your first line of defense? What does hemoglobin do?