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Chapter 34 Atherosclerosis

Chapter 34 Atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a generalized and progressive disease that effects the arterial circulation. Statistical Data.

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Chapter 34 Atherosclerosis

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  1. Chapter 34Atherosclerosis

  2. Atherosclerosis is a generalized and progressive disease that effects the arterial circulation.

  3. Statistical Data • World Health Report documents that atherothrombosis has overtaken infectious disease as the leading cause of death worldwide representing 23% of all deaths. • In the United States cardiovascular disease, the major result of atherosclerosis leading to heart attack and stroke, affects over 71 million individuals with an annual mortality exceeding 900,000 per year. • This disease costs taxpayers approximately 400 billion dollars per year

  4. Risk Factors What are the major risk factors that can't be changed? • Increasing age  • Male sex (gender)  • Heredity (including race) What are the major risk factors you can modify, treat or control by changing your lifestyle or taking medicine? • Tobacco smoke  • High blood cholesterol  • High blood pressure  • Physical inactivity  • Obesity and overweight  • Diabetes mellitus  • What other factors contribute to heart disease risk? • Individual response to stress may be a contributing factor • Drinking too much alcohol

  5. How Does It Start? • Atherosclerosis usually begins with the epithelium, the inner most layer of the artery. • Damage can occur because of elevated cholesterol, high blood pressure, tobacco smoke, and diabetes. • Buildup occurs thickening the arterial wall, decreasing blood flow, and reducing the oxygen in the blood.

  6. The Five Phases of Atherosclerosis • Phase One: LDL deposits into the cells of the inner wall of the artery • Phase Two and Three: inflammatory cells move into the vessel wall and the plaque continues to grow, a fibrous cap is formed • Phase Four: the smooth muscle cell proliferation changes and begins to break down, the fibrous ruptures or the plaque is exposed to the blood stream, the plaque contains materials which encourage clotting • Phase Five: platelets are attracted to this prothrombotic material and a clot forms in the vessel which may interrupt blood flow and damage tissues

  7. Prevention and Treatment • Therapeutic lifestyle changes are important in managing risk factors. • It is important to emphasize healthy lifestyles in youth. • Drugs like statins also reduce the effects of athersclerosis.

  8. The Heart • The heart is the most “news worthy” area atherosclerosis affects. • Atherosclerosis may affect the heart through such pathologies as myocardial infarctions, and angina. • Treatment includes clot-busting drugs and expandable stents.

  9. Heart Disease is NOT a Man’s Disease • Women tend to develop heart disease about ten years later than men. • Many public health initiatives have relied on studies comprised disproportionately of men. • In 1991, NHI launched the Women’s Health Initiative to study the affects of different treatments, dietary modifications, and supplements on generally healthy post menopausal women.

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