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Interactions within Communities. Populations of different species interact in a community Some organisms rely on other organisms within the community for survival. Ecological Niches.
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Populations of different species interact in a community • Some organisms rely on other organisms within the community for survival
Ecological Niches • An organism’s ecological characteristics, including use of and interaction with abiotic and biotic resources within its environment • Think of a habitat being one’s “address” and its ecological niche as its “occupation” • e.g. a lion’s niche includes what it eats, what eats it, the way it reproduces, the temperature range it tolerates, its habitat, behavioural responses, and all other factors that can describe its pattern of living
Ecological Niches • A Fundamental niche is the biological characteristics of the organism and the set of resources individuals in the population are theoretically capable of using under ideal conditions • Realized niche – the biological characteristics of the organism and the resources individuals in a population actually use under the prevailing environmental conditions
Interspecific competition • Interaction between individuals of different species for essential common resource(s) that are in limited supply • serves to restrict population growth • Can occur in two ways: • Interference competition –involves aggression between individuals of different species who fight over the same resource(s) • Exploitative competition – involves consumption of shared resources by individuals of different species, where consumption by one limits the resource availability to the other species
Interspecific competition • Gause’s Principle • competitive exclusion • No two species with similar requirements could coexist in exactly the same niche indefinitely • Population of weaker competitor can decline • One species could change its behaviour to survive using different resources • One population could migrate to another habitat
Resource partitioning • Avoidance of/reduction in competition for similar resources by individuals of different species occupying different non-overlapping ecological niches
Lake Malawi Cichlids • 850 species from one ancestor!!
Mimicry • Batesian mimicry • Palatable / harmless species mimics unpalatable/harmful organism • Mullerian mimicry • Several animal species resemble one another and are all poisonous or dangerous
Predation • interspecific interaction by which population density of one species (predator) increases while population density of other species (prey) declines • time lags exist between responses to predator – prey interactions and their population sizes • sinusoidal curves exist in some predator-prey relationships
Defence Mechanisms - Plants • plants use both morphological defences • thorns, hooks, spines, needles • chemical defences • the defensive systems in plants act as selective agents which initiate the evolution of counter-adaptations in herbivore populations • these changes brought about by co-evolution between plants and insets can affect competition
Defence Mechanisms - Animals • sometimes employ passive defence mechanisms • e.g. hiding • others employ active defence mechanisms • e.g. fleeing • more costly to prey in terms of energy uses • other effective behavioural defences exist • e.g. alarm calls • e.g. camouflage (cryptic colouration) • e.g. visual warnings – in terms of chemical defences
Symbiosis • Some organisms have obligatory mutualism • neither organism could grow or reproduce without each other
Mutualism Mutualism – A symbiotic relationship in which both species benefit.
Mutualism Examples: • Cowbirds and Large Animals • Termites and Trichonympha • Bees and Flowers
Cowbirds and Large Animals The cowbird benefits by eating the ticks and mites off the large animal. The large animal benefits from have the parasites removed from them. The birds can also warn them of danger.
Termites and Trichonympha You probably think termites eat wood; they do…in a way. Termites can’t digest cellulose, which is the main component of wood. Therefore, they get help from a protozoan called trichonympha. This protozoan lives in the gut of the termite. It breaks down the cellulose for the termite. The trichonympha gets a free meal and shelter; the termite is able to eat and receive nutrients from the wood.
Bees and Pollen Bees receive nectar from the flowers in order to make honey. As the bees collect nectar, they collect pollen on their body. As they fly to another flower, they pollinate it by dusting the pollen on the flowers stamen.
Commensalism Commensalism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other is not affected. Examples: Clown fish and sea anemones Shark and remora
Clown Fish and Sea Anemones The clown fish is immune to the stings of the sea anemones tentacles. The clown fish makes its home in the tentacles for protection. The clown fish gets shelter, but the sea anemone gets nothing.
Shark and Remora The remora hangs around the shark picking up any scraps it may leave. The remora gets food while the shark gets nothing.
Parasitism Parasitism – A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits but the other is harmed.
Parasitism • one organism benefits at the expense of another organism which is usually harmed • Parasites can be • Microparasites – microscopic in size with rapid reproduction rate (blood protozoans) • Macroparasites – larger organisms (tapeworms) • Endoparasites – live inside the body of their host • Ectoparasites – live and feed on the outside surface of their host (lice) • Social parasites manipulate the social behaviour of another species so that they can complete their life cycle
Parasitism Examples: • Tapeworm and Humans • Cuckoo bird and warbler • Ticks
Disruption of Community Equilibrium • interspecific interactions help maintain necessary equilibrium within complex and dynamic natural systems that sustain communities • A variety of disturbances affect this equilibrium • natural disasters • introduction of nonindigenous species • human influences • HOMEWORK P688 #1-7
