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COSMO - Dynamical Core Rewrite Approach, Rewrite and Status Tobias Gysi

Dive into the innovative approach of rewriting the dynamical core of COSMO code for enhanced performance on commodity processors without altering formulas or results. This feasibility study explores optimizations for memory bandwidth utilization and the utilization of CPU and GPU platforms. Discover the potential of achieving a 2x performance increase through code optimizations while maintaining identical high accuracy results. Design targets focus on creating a versatile code for future improvements and portability to new computer architectures for seamless integration by COSMO consortium.

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COSMO - Dynamical Core Rewrite Approach, Rewrite and Status Tobias Gysi

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  1. COSMO - Dynamical Core Rewrite Approach, Rewrite and Status Tobias Gysi POMPA Workshop, Manno, 3.5.2011 Supercomputing Systems AG Fon +41 43 456 16 00 Technopark 1 Fax +41 43 456 16 10 8005 Zürich www.scs.ch

  2. Approach

  3. COSMO Dynamical Core Rewrite Challenge • Assuming that the COSMO code will continue run on commodity processors in the next couple of years, what is the performance improvement we can achieve by rewriting the dynamical core? Boundary Conditions • Do not touch the underlying physical model (i.e. equations that are being solved) • Formulas must remain as they are • Arbitrary ordering of computations, etc. may change • Results must remain ‘identical’ to ‘a very high level of accuracy’ • Part of an initiative looking at all parts of the COSMO code. Support • Support from & direct interaction with MeteoSwiss, DWD, CSCS, C2SM

  4. Approach Feasibility Study Lib. Design Rewrite Test Tune CPU GPU t ~2 Years Feasibility Library Test & Tune You Are Here

  5. Feasibilty Study

  6. Feasibility Study - Overview • Get to know the code • Understand performance characteristics • Find computational motives • Stencil • Tri-Diagonal Solver • Implement a prototype code • Relevant part of the dynamical core (Fast Wave Solver, ~30% of total runtime) • Try to optimize for x86 • No MPI parallelization

  7. Feasibility Study - Prototype • Implemented in C++ • Optimize for memory-bandwidth utilization • Avoid pre-computation, do computation on the fly • Merge loops accessing the common variables • Use iterators rather than full index calculation on 3D grid • Store data contiguous in ‘k-direction’ (vertical columns)

  8. Fast Wave Solver - Speedup The performance difference is NOT due to programming language but due to code optimizations!

  9. Feasibility Study - Conclusion • A performance increase of 2x has been achieved on a representative part of the code • Main optimizations identified (for scalar processors) • Avoid pre-calculation whenever possible • Merge loops • Change the storage order to k-first • Performance is all about memory bandwidth

  10. Rewrite

  11. Design Targets Write a code that • Delivers the right results • Dedicated unit-tests & verification framework • Apply the performance optimization strategies used in the prototype • Can be developed within a year to run on x86 and GPU platforms • Mandatory: support three-level parallelism in a very flexible way • Vector processing units (e.g. SSE) • Multi-core node (sub-domain) • Multiple nodes (domain) - not part of the SCS project • Optional: write one single code that can be compiled to both platforms

  12. Design Targets Write a code that • Facilitates future improvements in terms of • New models / algorithms • Portability to new computer architectures • Can and will be integrated by the COSMO consortium into the main branch

  13. Stencil Library - Ideas • It is challenging to develop a stencil library • There is no big chunk of work that can be hidden behind a API call (e.g. matrix multiplication) • The actual update function of the stencil is heavily application specific and performance critical • We use a DSEL like approach (Domain Specific Embedded Language) • “Stencil language” embedded in C++ • Separate description of loop logic and update function • During compile time generate optimized C++ code(possible due to C++ meta programming capabilities)

  14. Stencil Library - Parallelization • Parallelization on the node level is done by • Splitting the calculation domain into blocks (IJ-Plane) • Parallelize the work over the blocks • Double buffering avoids concurrency issues

  15. Stencil Library – Loop Merging • The library allows the definition of multiple stages per stencil • Stages are update functions applied consecutively to one block • As a block is typically much smaller than the complete domain  we can leverage the caches of the CPU

  16. Stencil Library – Calculation On The Fly • Calculation on the fly is supported using a combination of stages and column buffers • Column buffers are fields with the size of one block local to every CPU core • A first stage writes to a buffer while a second stage consumes the pre-calculated values

  17. Stencil Code – My Toy Example 1. Naive for k a(k) := b(k) + c(k) end ... for k d(k) := a(k-1)*e(-1) + a(k)*e(0) + a(k+1)*e(+1) end ... for k f(k) := a(k)*g(k) + d(k) end

  18. Stencil Code – My Toy Example 1. Naive for k a(k) := b(k) + c(k) end ... for k d(k) := a(k-1)*e(-1) + a(k)*e(0) + a(k+1)*e(+1) end ... for k f(k) := a(k)*g(k) + d(k) end 2. No pre-calculation for k d(k) := (b(k-1)+c(k-1))*e(-1) + (b(k)+c(k))*e(0) + (b(k+1)+c(k+1))*e(+1) f(k) := (b(k)+c(k))*g(k) + d(k) end

  19. Stencil Code – My Toy Example 1. Naive for k a(k) := b(k) + c(k) end ... for k d(k) := a(k-1)*e(-1) + a(k)*e(0) + a(k+1)*e(+1) end ... for k f(k) := a(k)*g(k) + d(k) end 3. Pre-calculation with temporary variables for k z := b(k+1) + c(k+1) d(k) := x*e(-1) + y*e(0) + z*e(+1) f(k) := y*g(k) + d(k) x:=y y:=z end

  20. Stencil Code – My Toy Example 4. Pre-calculation with column buffer for k a(k) := b(k) + c(k) end for k d(k) := a(k-1)*e(-1) + a(k)*e(0) + a(k+1)*e(+1) f(k) := a(k)*g(k) + d(k) end 1. Naive for k a(k) := b(k) + c(k) end ... for k d(k) := a(k-1)*e(-1) + a(k)*e(0) + a(k+1)*e(+1) end ... for k f(k) := a(k)*g(k) + d(k) end

  21. Stencil Code – My Toy Example 1. Naive for k a(k) := b(k) + c(k) end ... for k d(k) := a(k-1)*e(-1) + a(k)*e(0) + a(k+1)*e(+1) end ... for k f(k) := a(k)*g(k) + d(k) end 5. Pre-calculation with stages & column Buffer Stencil Stage 1 a := b + c Stage 2 d := a*e (k:-1,0,1) Stage 3 f := a*g + d Apply Stencil

  22. Status

  23. Status • So far the following stencils have been implemented: • Fast wave solver (w bottom boundary initialization missing) • Advection • 5th order advection • Bott 2 advection (cri implementation missing) • Complete tendencies • Horizontal Diffusion • Coriolis • The next steps are: • Implicit vertical diffusion • Put it all together • Performance optimization

  24. Discussion Acknowledgements to all our collaborators at • C2SM (Center for Climate Systems Modeling) • MeteoSwiss • DWD (DeutscherWetterdienst) • CSCS

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