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Understanding Solutions in Chemistry: Definitions, Solvation, Solubility

Learn the nature of solutions in chemistry, including definitions of solute, solvent, and solution, solvation processes, dissociation, ionization, and solubility rules. Discover how like dissolves like, the role of soap/detergent, and states of solutions.

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Understanding Solutions in Chemistry: Definitions, Solvation, Solubility

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  1. Ch. 13 & 14 - Solutions I. The Nature of Solutions(p. 401 - 410, 425 - 433)

  2. A. Definitions • Solution - homogeneous mixture Solute - substance being dissolved Solvent - present in greater amount

  3. A. Definitions Solute - KMnO4 Solvent - H2O

  4. B. Solvation • Solvation – the process of dissolving solute particles are surrounded by solvent particles First... solute particles are separated and pulled into solution Then...

  5. - + - - + + acetic acid salt sugar B. Solvation Non- Electrolyte Weak Electrolyte Strong Electrolyte solute exists as ions and molecules solute exists as ions only solute exists as molecules only DISSOCIATION IONIZATION View animation online.

  6. B. Solvation • Dissociation • separation of an ionic solid into aqueous ions NaCl(s)  Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq)

  7. B. Solvation • Ionization • breaking apart of some polar molecules into aqueous ions HNO3(aq) + H2O(l)  H3O+(aq) + NO3–(aq)

  8. B. Solvation • Molecular Solvation • molecules stay intact C6H12O6(s)  C6H12O6(aq)

  9. NONPOLAR NONPOLAR POLAR POLAR B. Solvation “Like Dissolves Like”

  10. B. Solvation • Soap/Detergent • polar “head” with long nonpolar “tail” • dissolves nonpolar grease in polar water

  11. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aC-KOYQsIvU&feature=related UNSATURATED SOLUTION more solute dissolves SATURATED SOLUTION no more solute dissolves SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION becomes unstable, crystals form C. Solubility concentration

  12. C. Solubility • Solubility • maximum grams of solute that will dissolve in 100 g of solvent at a given temperature • varies with temp • based on a saturated soln

  13. C. Solubility • Solubility Curve • shows the dependence of solubility on temperature

  14. C. Solubility • Gases are more soluble at... • low temperatures & • high pressures (Henry’s Law). • EX: nitrogen narcosis, the “bends,” soda • Solids are more soluble at... • high temperatures • Crushed • With agitation.

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