Dr. Deborah Barndt (Environmental Studies, York)

1. Dr. Deborah Barndt(Environmental Studies, York) • attend up to two talks each semester • our next class, hand in a two page, double spaced synopsis/analysis • relate to overall questions of Global History • I will grade each out of 3 – so up to 6% bonus per term Fire in the Belly:Igniting Popular Education with Spirit, Song and Story 12:30pm - 1:15pm Friday, Sept. 14 12:30 -1:15 Dennis Hall Arts 4 Social Change 6:30pm - 9:00pm Thursday, September 13 Dennis Hall

2. Were you surprised about where the text began?

3. “the paradoxical result was that the world was becoming more interconnected, while its regions were becoming more differentiated”

4. Shaping the nature of contact Commercial connections: technology and knowledge of the sea, wind and landmasses political stability organization Commercial developments: commodities metropolitan centers swahili amphora

5. Conclusion • revolutions at sea • societal maturity possibilities of connectedness and, increasing difference Over the next few classes – examine those differences in Africa, western Asia, south Asia

6. The ‘Dark’ Continent?

7. Geography of the African Continent: impact on human societies

8. Early Agriculture evidence 10,000 BCE migrants from Red Sea hills (northern Ethiopia) introduce collection of wild grains, language roots Coptic Why does this matter? 5000 BCE Sudanese cultivators and herders migrate to Nile river valley adaption to seasonal flooding of Nile through construction of dikes, waterways villages dot Nile by 4000 BCE The Gift of the Nile • gradual, predictable flooding • sprouting, inundation, summer • communication: • Nubia-Egypt • current: north/Winds: south • Sub-Saharan Africa-Mesopotamia • increased in importance withdesiccation of the Sahara

9. Bantu Migrations, 2000 B.C.E-1000 C.E. • Bantu: “people” • migration throughout sub-Saharan • regions • 500+ variations of original Bantu • languages • 90 million speakers • by 1000 BCE, occupied most of • Africa south of the equator • displaced other people-groups • evidence? • 20C Nyamwezi, Tanzania (1940s?)

10. Regional African states, c.1300 Mande, Mandinka also Babara and Sarakole, Tuareg, Songhai, Doagon peoples Ghana Mali Empire, 13C Also note: Yoruba states Kongo Ethiopia Great Zimbabwe swahili city-states

11. Highly complex and sophisticated organization Sankore Masjid, TombouctouEvidence: oral history – griots traveler’s accounts archaeology mosque, Djenne 1989

12. Africa in the Islamic World Watch terminology Africa ↔ western Asia south Asia east Asia southeast Asia Trading ↔ gold ivory, hardwoods, feathers skins, gems people – for work genes, marriage, ideas, beliefs

13. Conclusions • factors that limited connections between the continent of Africa and the outside world • factors that allowed for connections • How do we know ?(evidence necessary/possible) • remain important to the present: geography • why if Egypt has been thought of as a Mediterranean civilization, why have historians grouped other African societies together differently? • think about the implications for understanding belief and social organization • Terms: swahili dhow complex societies