2 The passive: structure

1. 2.1 When the subject is the doer of the action, the verb is said to be active. 2 The passive: structure e.g. John wrote the note. When the subject is the receiver of the action, the verb is said to be passive. e.g. The note was written by John.

2. Present simple Active: Bf/Vs/Ves Passive: am/are/is + p.p. Past simple Active: Ved/saw Passive: was/were + p.p. They clean the room every day. The room is cleaned every day. He broke the window yesterday. The window was broken yesterday.

3. Future simple Active: will + Bf Passive: shall/will + be + p.p. Present continuous Active: am/are/is + ing Passive: am/are/is + being + p.p. He will do the project tomorrow. The project will be done tomorrow. They are cleaning the room now. The room is being cleaned now.

4. Past continuous Active: was/were + ing Passive: was/were + being + p.p. Present perfect Active: have/has + p.p. Passive: have/has + been + p.p. They were cleaning the room when I came. The room was being cleaned when I came. They have eaten the cake. The cake has been eaten.

5. Past perfect Active: had + p.p. Passive: had + been + p.p. Future perfect Active: will have + p.p. Passive: will have + been + p.p. They had cleaned the room when I came. The room had been cleaned when I came. They will have cleaned the room when you return. The room will have been cleaned when you return. Note: The tenses that are not included in this table do not have the passive voice.

6. 2.3 If there is one of the auxiliary verbs can/could, may/might, must, should, ought to, have/hadto, need not, used to, be going to, or be to, the passive is formed by using the same verb + be + the past participle of the main verb that follows.

7. Active: I do it this way. do

8. Passive: It be done this way. be done

9. it is a general term Active: Workers use different tools to make different things. Passive: Different tools to make different things. Active: My brother made this bookcase. Passive: This bookcase by my brother. 2.4 In the passive sentence, the doer of the action (by + agent) is not usually mentioned when: are used Compare: was made

10. it is unknown Active: Someone has stolen the money. Passive: The money . Active: One of the clerks has stolen the money. Passive: The money (by one of the clerks). it is a pronoun Active: They are holding a debate. Passive: A debate . Active: The students of Class A held a debate yesterday. Passive: A debate (by the students of Class A) yesterday. has been stolen Compare: has been stolen is being held Compare: was held

11. Active: I don’t think they will turn down your application. Passive: I don’t think your application . 2.5 Prepositions after certain verbs retain their position after the verb in the passive sentence. will be turned down

12. The right candidate was offered a high salary. 2.6 Some verbs such as ask, tell, give, offer, show, teach, pay, etc. can take two objects. They offered the right candidatea high salary. In the passive sentence, either of these two objects can be the subject: The right candidate was offered a high salary. A high salary was offered to the right candidate. However, it is more usual for the passive sentence to begin with the person:

13. I saw him take the dictionary. 2.7 Some verbs are followed by an infinitive without to. In the passive voice, the infinitive takesto. He was seen to takethe dictionary.

14. People saythat he is innocent. It is said that he is innocent. He is saidto be innocent. 2.8 Sentences beginning with People say, People believe, People know, etc. may be changed into the passive voice in either of these two ways: They say that she was an actress. It is said that she was an actress. She is saidto havebeen an actress.

15. Hint: In changing a sentence from active to passive, follow these steps: 1) Find the object of the verb. Then make it the subject of the passive sentence. If the object is a pronoun, change it into the subject form. 2) Change the voice of the verb. In doing so, remember: a) You must not change the tense. b) The verb should agree in person and number with the subject of the passive sentence. 3) Mention the doer of the action (by + agent) only where necessary. A Rewrite the following sentences in the passive voice. Exercise 2

16. Many companies use computers nowadays. • The workers are repairing the road. • They are going to pull down that old building. • They gave me 24 hours to make my decision. 5 We can use coal in many ways. Computers are used by / in many companies nowadays. The road is being repaired. That old building is going to be pulled down. I was given 24 hours to make my decision. Coal can be used in many ways.

17. The teacher made him do the exercise again. He was made to do the exercise again. 7 The singer will release her new album next week. (Begin with the given words.) The singer’s new album will be released next week. • They will have finished the report by the end of • this month. The report will have been finished by the end of this month. 9 I’m sure she has sent her application. (Begin with the given words.) I’m sure her application has been sent. 10 Every driver ought to obey traffic rules. Traffic rules ought to be obeyed by every driver.

18. 11 I doubt if we should tell her the truth now. I doubt if she should be told the truth now. 12 She heard him say that. He was heard to say that. 13 They used to broadcast all programmes live. All programmes used to be broadcast live. 14 You have left out his name. His name has been left out. • They were giving out the names of the • prize-winners when a fight broke out. The names of the prize-winners were being given out when a fight broke out.

19. The suspect may be hiding in Macau. The newspaper says that the suspect has been caught. There is a great possibility that Mr Wong will resign next month. According to the newspaper it is likely that they will call a strike for tomorrow. B Change the following sentences into the passive voice. The first one has been done for you. It is said that the suspect may be hiding in Macau. It is reported that the suspect has been caught. Mr Wong is believed to be resigning next month. The strike is expected to be called for tomorrow.

20. 5 There is a rumour that the officer has taken bribes. The police think that the thieves got in through the rear window. People say that Mr Chan was involved in the case. 8 Miss Wong is getting married soon. The officer is alleged to have taken bribes. The thieves are thought to have got in through the rear window. Mr Chan is said to have been involved in the case. Miss Wong is known to be getting married soon.

21. We do not often see carriages these days. They will not hold the meeting tomorrow morning. The secretary has not typed the letter yet. She did not clean the carpet this morning. C Change the following sentences into the passive voice. The first one has been done for you. Carriages are not often seen these days. The meeting will not be held tomorrow morning. The letter has not been typed by the secretary yet. The carpet was not cleaned this morning.

22. They are not discussing the matter now. She does not keep her jewellery at home. They will not allow any reporters into the conference room during the negotiation. She did not say anything to explain her absence. The matter is not being discussed now. Her jewellery is not kept at home. No reporters will be allowed into the conference room during the negotiation. Nothing was said to explain her absence.

23. D Read the first sentence. Then ask a question with the given words. The first one has been done for you. 1 paint / your brother This picture is beautiful. Was it painted by your brother? 2 make / gold This watch is expensive. Is it made of gold? 3 it / can / deal with This letter doesn’t seem to be important. Can it be dealt with later? 4 it / be going to / demolish This old building looks dangerous. When is it going to be demolished?

24. 5 anybody / injure I hear that there was an accident this morning. Was anybody injured? 6 she / find They told me the missing girl has returned home. Where was she found? 7 steal I heard from Melinda that someone broke into your house last night. What has been stolen? What was stolen? 8 choose The debate will take place tomorrow. Who will be chosen to represent our school?

25. Mr Wong Miss Lee E Use the correct form of the given verbs to complete this dialogue. The first one has been done for you. Is the letter ready, Miss Lee? is still I’m afraid it (1) is stillbeing typed (still /type) by the secretary. being typed is taking Why it (2) is taking (take) her so long? She is supposed (3) to havefinished (finish) it hours ago. to have finished was not told She (4) was not told (not / tell) to type it until about 10 minutes ago.

26. Mr Wong Miss Lee gave But I (5) gave (give) the draft to Jason this morning. He must have forgotten. He is said (6) to be too occupied (too / occupy) with the new project. to be too occupied Can’t anybody help him? to say He was heard (7) to say (say) that nobody could (8) be trusted (trust) with the job. be trusted

27. Mr Wong Miss Lee deserves Then he (9) deserves (deserve) it. Well, there’s nothing I can (10) do (do) about it but wait, I’m afraid. Please tell the secretary to give the letter to me as soon as it (11) hasbeen finished / is finished(finish). do has been finished / is finished Sure.