Infinitives

2. Infinitives 不定式是动词的一种非限定形式, 由 “ to+动词” 构成, 没有人称和数的变化, 在句中不能独立作谓语. 但不定式具有名词、形容词和副词的特征，在句中可以作主语（S）、表语（P）、宾语（O）、宾语补足语（Oc）、定语（A）、状语（Ad）等。

3. Mark the usages of the infinitives. 1. So it is difficult to know what the future will be like 2. My ambition is to work in the computer industry when I grow up. 3. They don’t know how to make me well. 4. My disability has helped me to grow stronger and more independent. 5. Some days I was too tired to get out of bed. 6. I am the only student to have a pet snake. 主语(S) 表语(P) 宾语(O) 宾语补足语(Oc) 结果状语(Ad) 定语(A)

4. First, underline all the sentences in the previous sections which contain infinitives. • Then mark their usages according to Ex.1 (P5).

5. Group work – make a list主语(S) 1. To look after my pets properly takes a lot of time. 2. It is difficult to know what the future holds?

6. 表语(P) • 1. Her ambition is to become part of the national team for the next Paralympic Games. • 2. Now his ambition isto become an actor. • 3. My ambition isto work for a firm that develops computer software when I grow up.

7. 宾语(O) • 1. He hopes to become a teacher. • 2. unfortunately, the doctors don’t knoe how to make me better. • 3. I have learnedto adapt to my disability. • 4. Then I startedto get weaker and weaker. • 5. Last year I invented a computer football game and a big company has decidedto buy it from me.

8. 宾补(Oc) •  In many ways my disability has helpedmegrow stronger psychologically and become more independent.

9. 定语(A) • 1. I have a very busy life with no timeto sit around feeling sorry for myself. • 2. If I had a chanceto say one thing to healthy children, it would be this: having a disability does not mean your life is not satisfying. • 3. Just accept them for who they are, and give them encouragementto live as rich and full a life as you do.

10. 状语(Ad) • 1.What kind of things does Marty do in orderto make his life happy and satisfying? • 2. He used dictation to give his answers into a special machine. • 3. What have they done to tryto overcome these difficulties? • 4. I have to work hard to live a normal life but it has been worth it. • 5. I was too weakto go to school. • 6. I am happyto have found many things I can do, like writing and computerprogramming.

11. Ex.2 P.5 ★to have kept you waiting ★I seem to have forgotten so many things… ★I was supposed to have finished all my shopping… ★Nobody is said to have finished till there is no more left to buy!

12. 不定式的语法形式： 主动式 被动式 一般式 to be done to do to have been done to have done 完成式 进行式 to be doing 完成进行式 to have been doing

13. 不定式的时态： （1）一般时表示的动作(to do)，有时与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生，有时发生在谓语动词表示的动作之后。 He ______________ this.他似乎知道这事。 I ____________ you again. 我希望再见到你。 seems to know hope to see （2）完成时(to have done)表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。 很抱歉给了你这么多麻烦。 I’m sorry ____________ you so much trouble. to have given

14. 不定式的否定结构： 不定式的否定结构多由： “not +不定式”构成， 否定副词not, never, seldom, hardly 等要置于to前。 请告诉你的小孩不要在街上玩耍. Please tell your child ______ play in the street. 为了不犯错误她检查了名字. She checked the names __________ make mistakes. not to so as not to

15. Ex.3 P.5 have spent to free to see to treat able to help to abolish

16. is known to have spent To free to see was able to treat so able to help pass was eventually to abolish 1. go hungry 2. in pain 3. do some good in the world 4. cause 5. the abolition of the slave trade 6. master servant 7. by law 8. treat sb. as he wishes 9. work them to death 10. in politics 11. pass the law 12. illegal 13. resign from government Ex. 3

17. to tell, spending to make, pressing crying, to ask, to light to get, sailing Exercise (Page49)

18. 3 • appropriate • was wet through • for the first time • the back exit • lead straight to • make the doors open outwards • it’s off now • tank • a bowling competition • basement • 1. regret to tell • regret spending • 2. remember to make • remember pressing • 3. stop crying • stop to ask • stop to light • 4. try to get • try sailing