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Chapter 18

Chapter 18. Classification. 18.1 Vocabulary. Taxonomy Binomial Nomenclature Taxon Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom. Is classification necessary? . Imagine…

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Chapter 18

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  1. Chapter 18 Classification

  2. 18.1 Vocabulary • Taxonomy • Binomial Nomenclature • Taxon • Species • Genus • Family • Order • Class • Phylum • Kingdom

  3. Is classification necessary? • Imagine… • You’re craving milk and cereal for breakfast and you’re at a grocery store. Where would you find milk and cereal? How is the store “classified”? Are all stores similar? • You want to listen to your favorite song on your iPod. How are your songs “classified”?

  4. Classification = Being Organized! • When you have a lot of information, it is best to organize and group this information so that it is easier for you to find or see the relationship between these things. • Imagine if Amazon was not classified! • Now imagine the amazon rainforest!!

  5. How do scientists classify organisms? • “Common names” are used by most people and can be very confusing or misleading • For this reason, scientists needed a universal naming system with a CONSISTENT naming method.

  6. Sea lion? • Ant lion? • Lion?

  7. Which one of these is NOT actually a bear?

  8. Consider this… • Are all “Grey Wolves” gray? • Are all “Black Bears” black? • Which is more venomous, a water moccasin or a cotton mouth?

  9. Linnaeus’s System of Classification • Developed by botanist, Carolus Linnaeus who used Greek and Latin names for organisms • Binomial Nomenclature: two-word naming system • Each species has a “scientific name” (Genus + Species) • Organized by important similarities

  10. Grouping • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species • King • Philip • Came • Over • For • Good • Soup

  11. Humans The scientific name is always the genus + species Humans = Homo sapiens Photo by atomicshark

  12. What are the scientific names of each of these organisms?

  13. Naming Rules • Binomial Nomenclature is a 2-name system • (genus + species) • Scientific names must be underlined or italicized • The genus is always Capitalized, the species is lowercase • The genus can be abbreviated • Example: • Common Name: Grizzly Bear • Scientific Name: Ursusarctosor U. arctos

  14. What is a species? An organism that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring.

  15. When two organisms of different species interbreed, the offspring is called a HYBRID Examples: Ligers and Mules are usually infertile

  16. Chapter 18.2 Modern Evolutionary Classification

  17. Phylogeny & Cladograms

  18. A shoe is still a shoe! A monkey is still a monkey! A human is still a human!

  19. Chapter 18.3 Kingdoms & Domains

  20. Six Kingdoms • All organisms can be placed into one of the six kingdoms • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia • Classification into a kingdom is based on certain criteria • Type of cell • Number of cells • How it obtains energy

  21. KINGDOMANIMALIA • Cell type: Eukaryotic (cells have nucleus) • # of cells: Multicellular • Energy: Heterotrophic (cannot make their own food) • Examples: birds, insects, worms, mammals, reptiles, humans

  22. KINGDOM PLANTAE • Cell Type: Eukaryote • # of Cells: Multicellular • Energy: Autotroph (make their own food by photosynthesis) • Examples: mosses, ferns, flowering plants Photo by hira3

  23. KINGDOM FUNGI • Cell Type: Eukaryote • # of Cells: Most multicellular, some unicellular • Energy: Heterotroph (decomposers) • Examples: Mushrooms, yeast Photos by nutmeg66

  24. KINGDOM PROTISTA • Cell Type: Eukaryote • # of Cells: Most unicellular (some colonial, some multicellular) • Energy: Autotroph or Heterotroph • Examples: Amoeba, slime molds, giant kelp (most live in water)

  25. KINGDOM ARCHAEBACTERIA & KINGDOM EUBACTERIA ARCHAEBACTERIA EUBACTERIA Cell Type: Prokaryote (no nucleus) # of Cells: Unicellular Energy: Auto/Heterotroph Examples: Extremophiles (live in extreme conditions) • Cell Type: Prokaryote (no nucleus) • # of Cells: Unicellular • Energy: Auto/Heterotroph • Examples: Common bacteria like E. coli or Streptococcus

  26. THE THREE DOMAINS Recently, scientists have added a group above Kingdom.  Three groups, called DOMAINS, contain each of the six kingdoms. Domain Eukarya - includes organisms composed of eukaryotic cells (plants, animals, fungi, protists) Domain Bacteria - includes all prokaryotic cells, Kingdom Eubacteria Domain Archaea - includes only "ancient" bacteria, Archaebacteria

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