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Ganoderma (and rust) Dr Morag Glen Dr Anthony Francis Assoc. Prof. Caroline Mohammed

Ganoderma (and rust) Dr Morag Glen Dr Anthony Francis Assoc. Prof. Caroline Mohammed. Overview. Ganoderma What makes Ganodermas of interest? What defines Ganoderma as a genus? Taxonomy (briefly) Australian records of Ganoderma spp. Ganodermas and root rot butt rot trunk rot

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Ganoderma (and rust) Dr Morag Glen Dr Anthony Francis Assoc. Prof. Caroline Mohammed

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  1. Ganoderma (and rust) Dr Morag Glen Dr Anthony Francis Assoc. Prof. Caroline Mohammed

  2. Overview Ganoderma • What makes Ganodermas of interest? • What defines Ganoderma as a genus? • Taxonomy (briefly) • Australian records of Ganoderma spp. • Ganodermas and • root rot • butt rot • trunk rot • Case studies involving some Australasian species. • Ganoderma australe • G. steyaertanum • G. philippii Photos: Dr Anthony Francis Myrtaceae rust • Why rust? • Rust life-cycles • Puccinia psidii in America • Myrtaceae rusts in Australia • Hosts and impacts

  3. Overview Photo: CSIRO Ganoderma • What makes Ganodermas of interest? • What defines Ganoderma as a genus? • Taxonomy (briefly) • Australian records of Ganoderma spp. • Ganodermas and • root rot • butt rot • trunk rot • Case studies involving some Australasian species. • Ganoderma australe • G. steyaertanum • G. philippii Myrtaceae rust • Why rust? • Rust life-cycles • Puccinia psidii in America • Myrtaceae rusts in Australia • Hosts and impacts

  4. Why Ganodermas? • Medicinal qualities • Aesthetic values • Taxonomy • Wood decay • Root rot

  5. Why Ganoderma? • Root rot – some species are highly pathogenic and have a broad host range. • Butt rot – may also be the final stage of root rot • Trunk decay – many species are regarded as secondary invaders of wounded or stressed trees, but may contribute to the death of old or stressed trees

  6. What defines Ganoderma? Photos: Dr Anthony Francis • Ganoderma is a lignicolous basidiomycete with tough, leathery, perennial, sporocarps • Basidia and spores are produced in pores Ryvarden, L. & Gilbertson, R.L. 1993, Syn. Fung. 6: 1-387 • It is separated from other polypores on the basis of its double spore walls

  7. Taxonomy (brief) • Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina, Agaricomycetes, Polyporales, Ganodermataceae • Ganoderma is a large genus - over 300 species have been described • Many names are synonyms • Several species are species complexes – e.g. G. australe • Many names have been misapplied – e.g. G. lucidum

  8. RYV 33217 G. lucidum G. weberianum CCRC 37081 DFP8401 74 subamboinense ATCC52419 G. 73 RSH RS G. sp. CBS 194.76 G. resinaceum HMAS 60537 G. sp. 100 60 57 RSH 0626 G. sp. 59 73 80 IMI 108700 97 RSH 1111 G. sp. 68 RSH 0814 G. fornicatum ATCC 52411 G. sp. 66 G. philippii T210 G. aff. steyaertanum T211 DAR 73780 G. steyaertanum E7095R* C17274 G. sp. 75 E7092 UWA8 G. steyaertanum E7095B* E7094R* FRIM 95 G. subresinosum E7108 99 JMM ASP.1 Amauroderma rude E7425 100 E7366 E7376 E7070 E7096R* A. rugosum 57 FRIM 589 E7113 E7098 E7079 84 CBS 351.74 G. adspersum 57 CBS 222.48 G. lobatum G. australe 98 97 5 steps G. australe E7101A 98 100 E7101C E7101B UWA 92 100 E3795 90 UWA 108 C16722 G. sp. 72 RSH O705 G. incrassatum ACCC 5.151 Taxonomy (brief) • Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences has been helpful in resolving some of the taxonomic issues • Plenty more to do

  9. Ganoderma spp. in Australia • Currently accepted names of published records (ICAF http://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/dbpages/cat/index.php/fungicatalogue) • 21 species recorded in Australia • Recent taxonomic studies of Australian species • Smith BJ, Sivasithamparam K (2000) Internal transcribed spacer ribosomal DNA sequence of five species of Ganoderma from Australia. Mycological Research104, 943-951. • Smith BJ, Sivasithamparam K (2003) Morphological studies of Ganoderma (Ganodermataceae) from the Australasian and Pacific regions. Australian Systematic Botany16, 487-503. G. amboinense G. annulare G. applanatum* G. australe* G. chalceum* G. chilense G. colossum G. cupreum G. gibbosum G. incrassatum* G. japonicum G. lucidum* G. mastoporum G. miniatocinctum G. ochrolaccatum* G. orbiforme* G. resinaceum G. steyaertanum* G. weberianum* G. williamsianum

  10. Ganoderma spp. in Australia • Specimens in herbaria (as recorded in the APPD) • Ganoderma applanatum (125 records) • G. australe (35 records) • G. boninense (=G. orbiforme) (1 record) • G. chalceum (22 records) • G. incrassatum (3 records) • G. lucidum (55 records) • G. ochrolaccatum (1 record) • G. steyaertanum (2 records) • G. weberianum (1 record) • G. williamsianum (4 records)

  11. Ganoderma spp. in Australia • Ganoderma applanatum (125 records) • G. australe (35 records) • Moncalvo and Buchanan studied the G. applanatum/G. australe species complex using ITS sequence data and vegetative compatibility tests. • 96 isolates were separated into 8 clades, corresponding to VC groups and geographical origin. • Cryptic speciation explains the taxonomic difficulties in resolving this species complex • Moncalvo and Buchanan (2008, Mycological Research 112: 425-436)

  12. Launceston City Council • Street trees and trees in City Park • Fungi were isolated from some of the wood samples. • DNA extracted directly from wood (including 5 yo samples). • PCR, cloning and sequencing of DNA from wood

  13. Launceston City Council • Fraxinus excelsior, Dry Street Ganoderma australedetected in DNA from wood samples. • Ulmus x hollandica, Clarence Street Ganoderma australeisolated. • Fagus sylvatica, City Park Ganoderma australe and Sistotrema brinkmanniiisolated. • Quercus robur, City Park Ganoderma australe isolated. • Fraxinus excelsior, City Park Ganoderma australe isolated. • Acacia melanoxylon (stump), Cataract Gorge Ganoderma australe isolated. • Other fungi detected included Coniophora olivaceae and Armillaria luteobubalina

  14. Ganoderma spp. in Australia • Ganoderma boninense = G. orbiforme • 1 record – Qld • A major pathogen of coconuts and oil palms in SE Asia • Also found on ornamental palms in the NT Photo: http://www.ipni.net/

  15. Ganoderma spp. in Australia • Ganoderma lucidum (55 records) • G. steyaertanum (3 records) • Recorded from Qld, WA, NT • Found on many plant families in Australia, including • Annonaceae, Arecaceae, Araucariaceae, Caesalpiniaceae, Fabaceae, Lauraceae, Mimosaceae, Moraceae, Myrtaceae, Rutaceae, Sterculiaceae • This species (G. steyaertanum) can cause root rot in Australia and Indonesia • Recently found affecting sandalwood in WA • Causes ‘white root rot’ in Acacia mangium in Java

  16. Ganoderma spp. in Australasia • Ganoderma steyaertanum at Wonogiri in Java • Somatic incompatibility tests • within-tree comparison found that multiple genotypes of Ganoderma spp. were present within the root system of a single A. mangium tree • Some of these genotypes were identical to isolates recovered from the fruitbody growing on the trunk of the tree. • The presence of more than one genotype of the same fungus within a single tree indicates multiple infection events in the same tree.

  17. Ganoderma spp. in Australasia • Ganoderma philippii • Aggressive root rot pathogen • Hosts include: • Annatto • Cloves • Cocoa • Coffee • Guarana • Orange • Rubber • Tea • Acacia mangium

  18. 1 site in East Kalimantan in a PT SRH Sebulu compartment Riau 2 sites in PT RAPP Logas South and Langgam compartments South Sumatra 2 sites in PT MHP Deras and Selibing compartments Ganoderma spp. in Australasia • ACIAR funded a study to: • Confirm the identity of the main root rot pathogen • Study the mode of spread • Develop early detection methods • Develop risk predictions

  19. Ganoderma spp. in Australasia • Monitoring plots – 10 x 10 trees • Each site visited every 6 months • Crown health scored • Roots excavated, scored for presence/absence of root rot and isolations made

  20. Prognosis for infected trees The largest proportion of living trees with root rot have full green crowns

  21. Prognosis for infected sites The number of trees with root rot on all our sites is increasing

  22. Prognosis for infected sites This increase is even more evident if we consider the age of the compartments

  23. Predicting loss The probability of having root rot generally increases with the number of dead neighbours (DNI)

  24. Predicting loss Regional differences in diversity and abundance of root rot

  25. Pathology - identification • Identification of Ganoderma philippii as the main causal agent of red root rot of Acacia mangium in Indonesia

  26. HMAS 60537 G. sp. 100 60 RSH 0626 G. sp. 59 73 80 IMI 108700 97 68 66 G. philippii RSH 1111 G. sp. RSH 0814 G. fornicatum ATCC 52411 G. sp. E7095R* 75 E7092 T210 G. aff. steyaertanum E7095B* T211 E7094R* G. philippii DAR 73780 G. steyaertanum FRIM 95G. subresinosum C17274 G. sp. 99 JMM ASP.1 Amauroderma rude UWA8 G. steyaertanum 100 E7366 E7070 A. rugosum 57 E7108 E7113 E7425 E7079 E7376 E7096R* FRIM 589 E7098 Pathology - identification • DNA sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of Ganoderma species.

  27. Pathology - identification • Ganoderma philippii specific PCR for rapid identification of isolates Which of these three isolates is Ganoderma philippii? Species-specific PCR provides rapid, confident identification. Feedback to technical staff involved with isolation and maintenance of isolates enhances skills in morphological recognition. Allowed appropriate selection of isolates for pathogenicity testing and somatic compatibility testing.

  28. Rust • Puccinia psidii Winter described in 1884 • Rust of guava (Psidium spp.) Photographs: AC Alfenas, UFV

  29. R Basidiospore germination, host penetration, haustorium development Young leaf/shoot/ Fruit/flower bud Aeciospore Young leaf/shoot/ fruit/flower bud Urediniospore germination, host penetration Teliospores Young leaf/shoot/ fruit/flower bud Urediniosori Aeciospore germination, host penetration, haustorium development Rust life-cycle Teliospore germination, basidiospore development Urediniospore germination, host penetration, haustorium development Urediniospores

  30. Hosts of P. psidii • P. psidii has subsequently been found on a broad range of Myrtaceae species • Other rust species described from Myrtaceae in South America have been synonymised with P. psidii • P. psidii was confirmed on Eucalyptus citriodora in Brazil in 1944 Image http://www.westone.wa.gov.au/

  31. Hosts of P. psidii • P. psidii became an increasing problem in eucalypt plantations in Brazil CSIRO CSIRO

  32. Hosts of P. psidii • Host testing of Australian Myrtaceae species in Brazil • Susceptible species in the eucalypt/melaleuca clades included: • Eucalyptus nitens 70.00 • Corymbia gummifera 63.00 • Eucalyptus pilularis 65.99 • Eucalyptus regnans 46.25 • Eucalyptus robusta 60.88 • Eucalyptus saligna 62.63 • Eucalyptus cloeziana 40.75 • Eucalyptus deglupta 51.00 • Eucalyptus diversicolor 45.75 • Eucalyptus dunnii 54.50 • Eucalyptus globulus 67.06 • Eucalyptus grandis 49.20 • Eucalyptus microcorys 67.50 • Melaleuca alternifolia 5.25 • Melaleuca cajuputi subsp. cajuputi 13.25 • Melaleuca leucadendra 17.50 • Melaleuca nesophila 0.00 • Melaleuca quinquenervia 32.88 Zauza et al. 2010. Australasian Plant Pathology. 39: 406-411.

  33. Hosts of P. psidii • Resistant species in the eucalypt/melaleuca clades included: • Angophora costata 85.00 • Eucalyptus moluccana subsp. moluccana 76.38 • Corymbia calophylla ‘rosea’ • 100.00 Eucalyptus nitens 70.00 • Corymbia citriodora 72.13 • Eucalyptus obliqua 71.88 • Eucalyptus paniculata 91.38 • Corymbia intermedia 90.00 • Eucalyptus pellita 90.25 • Corymbia maculata 76.38 • Corymbia tessellaris 100.00 • Eucalyptus acmenoides 73.00 • Eucalyptus resinifera 95.88 • Eucalyptus alba 72.00 • Eucalyptus acmenoides 73.00 • Eucalyptus resinifera 95.88 • Eucalyptus alba 72.00 • Eucalyptus amplifolia var. amplifolia 82.75 • Eucalyptus brassiana 84.82 • Eucalyptus scias subsp. scias 95.50 • Eucalyptus camaldulensis var. obtusa 77.89 • Eucalyptus tereticornis 98.75 • Eucalyptus urophylla 72.33 • Eucalypus camaldulensis var. simulata 84.75 • Eucalypus melanophloia 84.75 • Eucalyptus elata 74.00 • Melaleuca ericifolia 100.00 • Eucalyptus guilfoylei 82.00

  34. Hosts of P. psidii • Susceptible species included: • Astartea heteranthera (28) WA 11 • Callistemon pachyphyllus (48) Qld 57.75 • Kunzea baxteri (80) WA 0 • Pericalymma ellipticum (24) – 0 • Pilidiostigma glabrum (32) – 62.5 • Regelia ciliata (30) WA 14.25 • Rhodamnia rubescens (12) – 60.5 • Rhodomyrtus psidioides (80) – 15 • Syncarpia glomulifera (60) NSW 29.75 • Syzygium leumannii (4) – 50

  35. Hosts of P. psidii • Resistant species included: • Acmena smithii (40) – 97.5 • Archirhodomytus beckleri (60) NSW 98.25 • Asteromyrtus dulcia (12) – 100 • Austromyrtus tenuifolia (24) NSW 100 • Decaspermum humile (40) – 87.5 • Eugenia reinwardtiana (12) – 82.75 • Gossia fragrantissima (8) – 100 • Hypocalymma robustum (32) – 88 • Lophostemon confertus (22) Qld 100 • Pilidiostigma tropicum (80) – 81 • Syncarpia hillii (20) Qld 76.75 • Syzygium alatoramulum (80) Qld 93.75 • Syzygium australe (20) – 100 • Syzygium australe (20) NSW 95 • Syzygium fibrosum (4) – 75 • Syzygium wilsonii subsp. cryptophlebium (4) – 100

  36. Hosts of P. psidii Rust rating scale – from Zauza et al 2010

  37. Climatic risk modellingBooth and Jovanovic, CSIRO IN RISK AREA Eucalypt forest and woodland Rainforest – 50% World Heritage listed Melaleuca woodland

  38. Melaleuca quinquenervia natural distribution (based on herbarium specimens) Herbarium records of Melaleuca quinquenervia

  39. Puccinia psidii is contributing to ‘biological control’ of Melaleuca quinquenervia in the Florida Everglades

  40. Hawaii – incursion in Oct 2005 Global distribution – Puccinia psidii

  41. Rust • In April 2010, rust was found on Agonis flexuosa cv.‘Afterdark’ in NSW • Though it was determined by authorities to be Uredo rangelii, based on morphological characteristics, DNA sequencing of 3 gene regions has failed to find any characters that support the distinction from P. psidii Photo: Dr Angus Carnegie, I&I, NSW • The incursion was deemed ‘not feasible to eradicate’ and has subsequently been found in Queensland, with abundant teliospore production

  42. Rust • The hosts in Australia now include: • Acmena sp. (lilly pilly)•Agonis flexuosa (willow myrtle) 'Afterdark' , 'Burgundy', 'Jeddas Dream'•Austromyrtus inophloia (see Gossia inophloia)•Backhousia citriodora (lemon-scented myrtle)•Backhousia myrtifolia (grey myrtle)•Callistemon viminalis (weeping bottlebrush)•Callistemon salignus (willow bottlebrush)•Callistemon 'St Mary MacKillop'•Chamelaucium uncinatum (Geraldton wax)•Choricarpia leptopetala (brown myrtle or rusty turpentine)•Eucalyptus agglomerata (blue-leaved stringybark)•Eucalyptus deanei (mountain blue gum or Deane's gum)•Eucalyptus pilularis (blackbutt)•Gossia gonoclada (angle-stemmed myrtle)•Gossia inophloia 'Aurora' and 'Blushing Beauty' (syn. Austromyrtus inophloia)•Lenwebbia prominens (southern velvet myrtle)•Leptospermum rotundifolium (round-leaved tea tree)•Lophomyrtus bullata 'Rainbow's End'

  43. Rust • The hosts in Australia now include: • •Lophomyrtus x ralphii 'Red Dragon', 'Black Stallion', 'Krinkly'•Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree)•Melaleuca quinquenervia (broad-leaved paperbark)•Melaleuca linariifolia 'Claret tops'•Metrosideros collina 'Tahiti' and 'Fiji'•Rhodamnia maideniana (smooth scrub turpentine) •Rhodamnia rubescens (scrub turpentine)•Rhodamnia whiteana (white malletwood) •Rhodomyrtus psidioides (native guava) •Syncarpia glomulifera (turpentine)•Syzygium anisatum (aniseed myrtle)•Syzygium apodophyllum (rex satinash)•Syzygium australe 'Meridian Midget'•Syzygium jambos (rose apple)•Syzygium luehmannii (small-leaved lilly pilly, riberry)•Syzygium luehmannii x Syzygium wilsonii 'Cascade' (lilly pilly)•Tristania neriifolia (water gum)•Uromyrtus lamingtonensis•Xanthostemon chrysanthus (golden penda)

  44. And the list is growing… • Syzygium anisatum • Syzygium jambos Rhodamnia rubescens Photos: Dr Angus Carnegie, I&I, NSW

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