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Chapter 9 - Taxonomy

Chapter 9 - Taxonomy. Taxonomy – the science of classifying organisms – has two purposes:. To identify the organism To represent relationships among them. History of Taxonomy:.

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Chapter 9 - Taxonomy

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  1. Chapter 9 - Taxonomy

  2. Taxonomy – the science of classifying organisms – has two purposes: • To identify the organism • To represent relationships among them

  3. History of Taxonomy: • Aristotle – believed in the “ladder of nature” – sponges were at the bottom and humans were at the top – he classified things as either plants or animals ( see fig.1 pg.326)

  4. 9.1 Taxonomic Systems • Carl Linnaeus- 18th century – he classified organisms based on structure • The more features organisms have in common, the closer their relationship

  5. He introduced binomial nomenclature: a 2 name system for naming organism using Latin or Greek ( Latin is a dead language) • Ex. Castor Canadensis – beaver • Genus species - the Genus name is always a capital letter

  6. The 2 names indicate similarities in anatomy, embryology & evolution ancestry • Ex. – Ursus americanus • Ursus horribilis • koala bear Genus: PhascolarctosSpecies: cinereus • Panda bear Genus Ailuropoda

  7. Modern Taxonomy • Today we use these major categories and evidence to support classification: • Fossil records – they provide clues, but are rarely complete • Anatomy – a) homologous structures – similar in structure but may have different functions • b) vestigial structures – structures that once had a purpose but no longer serve a function • Comparative embryology – ex. – all vertebrates have a stage as an embryo where they look alike • Comparative biochemistry – comparing DNA, genes and proteins

  8. Fossil Records

  9. Homologous Structures

  10. Vestigial Structures

  11. Comparative Embryology

  12. Comparative Biochemistry

  13. Levels of ClassificationOrganisms are classified based on 7 taxa (levels) • King Phyl Came Over For Good Spaghetti • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  14. Until recently organisms were grouped into 5 kingdoms:

  15. Now it is believed that Monera should be 2 separate kingdoms: Eubacteria

  16. And Archaebacteria

  17. Phylogeny – the history of the evolution of organisms – often shown in a diagram called a phylogenetic tree – see pg.329

  18. A three Domain system of Classification

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