Evolution of Diagnostic Medicine: From Ancient Practices to Modern Innovations

1. History of Diagnostic Medicine

2. Bell Work • What is diagnostics? • Name 3 diagnostic tools? • Where do diagnostic professionals work?

3. Standard 3: Investigate and document the history of radiology, medical laboratories, and other areas of diagnostic medicine. Explain how technology is influencing the future of each area. • At the end of this standard I CAN: • Identify major advancements in dx medicine and place them in chronological order through use of a timeline • Actively participate in class discussion during lecture to explain how technology influences diagnostic medicine • Select one diagnostic tool and trace the advancement of the tool through group collaboration

4. What is diagnostics? • adjective • 1. of, relating to, or used in diagnosis. • 2. serving to identify or characterize; being a precise indication. • a device or substance used for the analysis or detection of diseases or other medical conditions. • A medical professional in the field of diagnostic medicine has the assignment to accurately classify symptoms, detect a patient's disease and to find the best available treatment option for the given illness.

5. Ancient times • Diseases and illness were thought to be a punishment from the gods • Caused by evil spirits and demons • Used herbs and plants as medicine • Priests acted as physicians and treated sick people in the temple • Make up of the body was unknown • Hippocrates is now knows as the “Father of Medicine” due to his hypothesis that nutrition and cleanliness prevents illness and disease

6. Middle ages (a.d.800-1400) • Interest in medical practices grew • Medical universities were established in the 9th century • An outbreak of bubonic plague in the 1300s resulted in the death of 75% of the people in Europe and Asia • Became apparent that diseases are contagious and quarantine laws were enacted

7. The Renaissance (a.d.1350-1650) • The “Rebirth of the science of medicine” • Human dissection to view body organs • Artists took strong interest • Medical thermometer devised by Italian physician Sanctorius • First diagnostic tool

8. Leonardo Da Vinci’s work

9. 16th, 17th, 18th Centuries • Knowledge regarding the human body greatly increased • Microscope developed by Janssen • Microscope improved upon by Leeuwenhoek • Followed by Hooke

10. 19th Century • Rene Laennec invented the stethoscope • Louis Pasteur known as the “father of Microbiology” • Proved microorganisms cause disease • Discovered pasteurization kills bacteria in milk • Robert Koch • Created the culture plate • Identified germ causing TB • Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-Rays in 1895.

11. Video • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gsV7SJDDCY4

12. 20th Century

13. 20th Century • Chest x-ray allowed for early detection of TB

14. 20th Century • 1906: First x-ray contrast medium • 1910: Barium sulfate introduction for GI diagnosis • 1910: Theory of Radioactivity published by Marie Curie • 1912: Investigation of x-ray radiation for patient therapy

15. 20th Century • 1906; Electrocardiograph (ECG/EKG) invented by Willem Einthoven 

16. 20th Century • 1929: First cardiac catheterization performed by Forssmann on himself • 1945:Coronary artery imaging allowing visualization of blood vessels that feed the heart

17. 20th century • 1950’s: Blood chemistry tests became readily available • Quickly ID infection V. Virus • Electrolyte imbalances • 1950’s:Nuclear medicine developed making radiation within the patient instead of emitted from machine • 1955: Panoramic x-ray of jaw

18. 20th Century • 1960; Ultrasound imaging developed to look at the abdomen, kidneys, fetal baby, carotid blood vessels, and heart • 1970: X-ray mammography finds widespread application in imaging the breasts

19. 20th Century • 1972: Computed Tomography scanning invented

20. 20th Century • 1976: Coronary angioplasty used • 1980: Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) first introduced  • 1985: Clinical Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning developed allowing for 3D images

21. Present day • CT Angiography allows quick access to view of vessels without invasive procedure • Advanced medical imaging replacing exploratory surgery • Advancement in PET scanning and digital imaging allowing for early Cancer diagnosis • Bedside blood testing equipment allowing for instant treatment • REMEMBER DIAGNOSTICS=DIAGNOSIS

22. Understanding Timeline • A timeline is a method for picturing or seeing time. Historians take events and place them on a timeline. This shows the chronology of a span of time. By doing this, the relationship between events can be seen. • A KEY TO REMEMBER! If you’re trying to remember dates, thinking in terms of centuries can really be confusing. So, whenever you hear a time period given as a century, always translate the century into years in your head. For example: ■ When you see 14th century, think 1300’s ■ When you see 6th century, think 500’s

23. Create a Timeline Instructions • Pick out 7 items most interesting and relate to diagnostics in your era. Two of the items need to come from my PowerPoint on Web site. • Visually display numbers (in order)on timeline. Must have a picture to depict each item you choose. Your group will present timeline in class tomorrow after lunch

28. Create a Timeline Group 1: Ancient Times/Middle Ages Group 2: 17th Century Group 3: 18thCentury Group 4: 19thCentury Group 5: 20thCentury History of medical labs History of radiology History of Optometry History of Cardiology