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HISTORY OF MEDICINE

HISTORY OF MEDICINE. Unit BHP FK Unisba. Objectives. After the lecture the students are expected to : understand the evolution of medical knowledge throughout the centuries could name prominent persons in the history of medicine

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HISTORY OF MEDICINE

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  1. HISTORY OF MEDICINE Unit BHP FK Unisba

  2. Objectives After the lecture the students are expected to : • understand the evolution of medical knowledge throughout the centuries • could name prominent persons in the history of medicine • explain their works and struggle and find them as the source of moral strength

  3. Medicine is the art of science A man can be a competent doctor without a knowledge of medical history but an acquaintance with medical history can make him a better doctor

  4. Classification • Pre – historian Era • Ancient civilization • Egypt • Greek • Medieval Medicine (500-1500) • 16th - 20 th century • Medical history of Indonesia

  5. PRE-HISTORIAN ERA • Paleopathology • Paleomedicine • Paleopathologists • Study from teeth or bones from : fosilized - humans-animal • Fosilized bacteria 500.000.000 years

  6. Cause of disease is evil spirit, which enter the body Holes in the skull by stone tools To liberate evil spirits who might be causing headache or epilepsy

  7. MEDICINE OF ANCIENT CIVILIZATION > 4.000 B.C – 500 AD • EGYPT : Disease is sent by the gods as punishment to the sinner = Healing is performed through ritual religion concept by priests • GREECE: Covered a period about 1000 years, Continuous changes  Asclepius • Disease was no longer regarded as a supranatural phenomenon • It was approached for rational, naturalisitic scientific point of view

  8. Greek Medicine Comes to ROME • The most famous work is of Celcus • Largely influenced by Hippocrates thoughts • Hight technic of ligature & cataract operation • The name Asclepius is changed to Aesculapius • Hippocrates ( 460 – 377 B.C)  Hippocrates oath

  9. 500 A.D – 1.500 • 12th – 15th century MEDIEVAL MEDICINE • Monks played a predominant role in medicine • Impact of Arab Science • on the western world • e.g. 12th century : • Teaching of St. Hildegard • Arabic numerals • Arabic terns • * alcohol • * algebra • etc • End of 15th century DARK AGES = Monastic medicine • Important to strenghten the sick body  with stand more easily the attack of the devil • 1130 – the monastic medicine officially closed • The vitality & creativvity • of medieval Island • medicine disappear

  10. Ibnu – Sinna / Avicenna (980 – 1037) • Major Arabic medical encyclopedia • Al-Qanun fi al - tibb (the Canon) • Leading medical text book of the Western • and Eastern world for hundreds of years • Translated into Latin

  11. RENAISSANCE ERA • PLAQUE (Pes) • The Black Death (1348-53) • ⅓ - ½ population of Europe † • 1490 Plaque  + new frightening illness : Syphilis • A powerful agent of change • Affecting medicine, social & economic cond

  12. 16th Century • Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564) • founder of modern anatomy • Paracelsus (1493-1541) • frontal attack on the humoral • theory of Galen

  13. Medicine in the 17th Century • Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) • Pioneer in microscopic work • Analysis of the structur of the lung, the spleen, the kidney, the liver & the skin • Discovery of the capillaries

  14. Anton van Leeuwenhoek ( 1632 - 1723 ) • First discription of bacteria, • striped muscle and spermatozoon • Wirsung ductus Wirsungi • de Graaf Graafian follicles • Francis Glisson discription of rickets (crakhitis)

  15. MEDICINEIN THE 18th CENTURY • James Lind (1761-1794) and Thomas Trotter (1760-1832) • Led a valiant and effective fight against scurvy-typhus, • other disease killing large numbers of sailors • Citrus fruit for prevention and cure of scurvy • Edward Jenner (1749-1823) • Demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox • produce protection against smallpox in man • without ill effect to the patient • The method is called vaccination • Reduced the occurrence of smallpox • The eradication of smallpox (WHO)

  16. MEDICINEIN THE 19th CENTURY • Medicine had been scientific in intention • for a long time • But only during the 19th Century did it become • to a large extent scientific in fact • In the first half of the 19th Century : • The best medical schools were in • Paris, Dubln, London and Vienna

  17. MEDICINEIN THE 19th CENTURY • In the Middle Ages • Medicine had been centered round libralies • Focused on bedside medicine • Following 3 centuries • Hospital medicine • In the first half of 19th Century • Second half of the 19th Century and later • Laboratory Medicine

  18. GREAT ADVANCESIN • Microscopic anatomy • Physiology • Pathology • Pharmacy Clinical Medicine

  19. J. HENLE (1809 – 1885) • Discovery and discription of macro-anatomic structure • Fender of the theory “epidemics were prodused by micro-organism transmitted through contagion” Proved true by Pasteur and Koch

  20. E. PURKINJE (1787 – 1869) • Introduced the term “ protoplasma” • Pointed out the importance of fingerprints for indentification purposes W. WALDEYER (1837 – 1921) • Neuroanatomy neuron theory • Carcinoma cells stem from epithelial cells • Better understanding of the tonsils • Named the chromosome

  21. FELIX HOPPE-SLEYER (1825 – 1895) (Pupil of Rudolf Virchow) Discovered the hemoglobin in 1862 R. VIRCHOW • Discovered leukemia • Studies of embolism & thrombosis • The most respected medicalman in his time • Leader of the Liberal opposition in Parussia defeated by Bismarck

  22. MICROBIOLOGY “Epidemics were produced by micro-organism transmitted through contagion” Microbiology Laboratory medicine Disease-causing microorganism : bacteria first seen by Leeuwenhoek

  23. LOUIS PASTEUR (1822 – 1895) (a chemist) • 1983 “Pasteurization” • Attacked the problem of anthrax and chicken cholera • Preventive vaccination against “rabies”

  24. Vaccination was extended by : Fraenkel diphteria Widal & Wright typhoid fever Haffkine Cholera & plaque

  25. ROBERT KOCH (1843 – 1910) • Explained phases, the life cycle of the anthrax bacillus “Koch Postulate” on contagious diseases • Discovered the tuberculosis bacillus • Produced “tuberculin” – a valuable diagnostic aid

  26. JOSEPH LISTER (1827 – 1912) Heard Semmelweis’ work Introduced the principles of Asepsis in surgery

  27. TRENDSIN 20th CENTURY MEDICINE PAUL EHRLICH (1854 – 1915) • Opening up the field of modern haematology • Established the present classification of leukocytes • Obtained an effective drug in 1910 first called “606” (the 606th combination) later called Salvarsan against syphillis WASSERMAN (1906) • Serological test for syphillis

  28. Discovered X-rays Used for diagnostic purpose KONRAD ROENTGEN (1845 – 1922) Discovered Radium (1898) used for radio-therapy MARIE and PIERRE CURIE Discovered Radium (1898) used for radio-therapy FREDERIC GRANT BANTING & CHARLES BEST Developed Penicillin in 1929 ALEXANDER FLEMING The discoveries of Vitamin (Noble Prize 1929) C. EIJKMAN Noble Prize (1962) “Elucidation of three-demensional molecular structure of DNA” F.C. COMPTON, J.D. WATSON And M.H.F. WILKINS

  29. History of medicine in Indonesia

  30. Pengobatan Asli • Mengandung unsur : • Spiritual • Kegaiban • Ramuan tanaman • Dukun bayi : Sampai sekarang

  31. ZAMAN PENJAJAHAN BELANDA Dokter Militer • Ilmu Kedokteran Eropa INDONESIA • Takut penjalaran penyakit cacar Tenaga pembantu vaksinasi (Vaccinateur) Pendidikan Kedokteran Sederhana • Vaccinateur “Dokter Jawa” • Pusat pembutan vaksin cacar di batu tulis

  32. PENDIDIKAN KEDOKTERAN Geneeskendege Hoogeschool Sekolah Dokter 1851 - 2 tahun 1856 - 3 tahun 1875 - 7 tahun • Sekolah dokter Djawa • Stovia (Jakarta) • 1902 Geneeskundigre Hoogeschool 1927 • Soetomo • Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo Budi Utomo (1908) • Nias (Surabaya)- 1913

  33. LEMBAGA PENEMUAN ILMIAH Lembaga Pasteur Lembaga Eijkman Lembaga Malaria Lembaga Kusta Lembaga Makanan Rakyat

  34. Penyakit-penyakit yang menjadi masalah di Indonesia dalam masa penjajahan Belanda • Cacar • Beri-beri • Xelophthaluria • Kolera • Kusta • Malaria • TBC

  35. a. Dr. L. Otten (1926) Penyempurnaan vaksin dalam larutan Vaksin kering b. Kusta / Lepra Dr. J.B. Litanela Menghilangkan sistem penyaringan ……. • Eksplorasi • Pengobatan • Pemisahan Sistem baru : c.Malaria

  36. d. Lampar / pest Dr. Slamet  karena penyakit yang diberantasnya e. Framboesia f. Kolera g. Trachea

  37. ZAMAN PENDUDUKAN TENTARA JEPANG (1942 – 1945) Gunseikan (Kepala Daerah Militer) Kantor Dinas Kesehatan = Eiseika Kepala = Dr. Buntaran M (dalam pengawasan ketat)

  38. PERANG PASIFIK Mobilisasi besar - bahan makanan Mobilisasi obat-obatan Penderitaan rakyat luar biasa • Kurang makan • Mati kelaparan • Kurang pakaian baju bagor • Kekurangan obat-obatan

  39. ZAMAN PERANG KEMERDEKAAN • Indonesia merdeka 17 Agustus 1945 • 1947 – Serngan militer Belanda I • 1949 – Serangan militer Belanda II Menyambut Perjuangan dokter

  40. 1949 Belanda menyerahkan seluruh kedaulatan ke Indonesia Republik Indonesia Serikat Men Kes : Dr. J. Leimena Republik Indonesia Men Kes : Prof.dr. Soetopo

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