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Organic Reactions

Organic Reactions . Alcohols & Ethers . Seana Adams. Types of Reactions . Alcohols: majority of reactions consist of oxidation or reduction Oxidation : loss of electrons -The carbon atom forms more bonds to oxygen atoms or fewer bonds to hydrogen atoms

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Organic Reactions

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  1. Organic Reactions Alcohols & Ethers Seana Adams

  2. Types of Reactions Alcohols: majority of reactions consist of oxidation or reduction Oxidation : loss of electrons -The carbon atom forms more bonds to oxygen atoms or fewer bonds to hydrogen atoms -Primary alcohols  Aldehyde  carboxylic acid - Secondary alcohols  Ketone Tertiary alcohols: resistant to oxidation because they have no H atoms attached to the oxygen bearing C Reduction is the opposite: gain of electrons Ethers: majority of reactions consist of condensation and hydrolysis reactions Condensation: Alcohol + Alcohol  Ether + water The two hydroxyl groups on both alcohols react to form water, joining together two molecules and producing an ether Hydrolysis: Ether + Water  Alcohol + Alcohol Water breaks up a molecule and forms two separate molecules with hydroxyl functional groups . These reactions are typically limited to primary alcohols.

  3. Structural Drawings Primary alcohol oxidation Secondary alcohol oxidation Butan-1-ol  butanal [o] oxidizing agents: KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, O3, KClO4, pyridiniumchlorochromate

  4. Structural Drawings Condensation reaction Hydrolysis reaction Ethoxy ethane  ethanol + ethanol Common catalyst is sulfuric acid

  5. Practical or Industrial Uses Alcohols -automobile antifreeze -fuel -solvent in many chemical processes -alcoholic beverages -antiseptic liquid Ethers -anaesthetic -fly labs- anaesthetise fruit flies so genetic students can study their inheritance patterns -starter for diesel engines -aerosol propellant -solvent and plasticiser

  6. Environmental Impact • Alcohols • Using ethanol instead of gasoline has several key benefits • Ethanol produces lower carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions • Ethers • MTBE (Methyteriary butyl ether) is a gasoline additive. Spillage and leakage around gas stations have resulted in pollution of ground water, which is why its use has been greatly decreased

  7. Summary of Reactions Primary alcohol oxidation Secondary alcohol oxidation Alcohol  Aldehyde  Carboxylic Acid Alcohol Ketone Primary and secondary alcohol reduction Condensation Aldehyde Primary alcohol Water is formed between 2 molecules Ketone  Secondary alcohol Hydrolysis Water separates 2 molecules Water separates 2 molecules

  8. Interactive quiz 1. What kind of alcohol cannot undergo oxidation or reduction reactions? TERTIARY ALCOHOLS 2. What are the products of this condensation reaction? Ethanol + ethanol  ? 3. When you oxidize butan-2-ol, what is the product? 2-butanone 4. Which organic reaction uses water to break apart molecules? HYDROLYSIS 5. What catalyst was said to be the most frequent in condensation/hydrolysis reactions? SULFURIC ACID

  9. 7. The compound whose structure is shown below a)can be oxidized to an aldehyde b)can be oxidized to a ketone c)can be synthesized from the addition reaction of an alkane d)is a secondary alcohol e)is a tertiary alcohol [E] is a tertiary alcohol

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