1 / 18

Organic Reactions

Organic Reactions. AP Chemistry. Understanding Organic Reactions. Writing Equations for Organic Reactions. Equations for organic reactions are usually drawn with a single reaction arrow ( ) between the starting material and product.

samuru
Download Presentation

Organic Reactions

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Organic Reactions AP Chemistry

  2. Understanding Organic Reactions Writing Equations for Organic Reactions • Equations for organic reactions are usually drawn with a single reaction arrow () between the starting material and product. • The reagent, the chemical substance with which an organic compound reacts, is sometimes drawn on the left side of the equation with the other reactants. At other times, the reagent is drawn above the arrow itself. • Although the solvent is often omitted from the equation, most organic reactions take place in liquid solvent. • The solvent and temperature of the reaction may be added above or below the arrow. • The symbols “h” and “” are used for reactions that require light and heat respectively.

  3. Different ways of writing organic reactions

  4. When two sequential reactions are carried out without drawing any intermediate compound, the steps are usually numbered above or below the reaction arrow. This convention signifies that the first step occurs before the second step, and the reagents are added in sequence, not at the same time.

  5. Types of organic reactions include: substitution, elimination, addition, esterification, and combustion.

  6. Kinds of Organic Reactions • A substitution is a reaction in which an atom or a group of atoms is replaced by another atom or group of atoms. • In a general substitution, Y replaces Z on a carbon atom.

  7. Substitution reactions involve  bonds: one  bond breaks and another forms at the same carbon atom. • The most common examples of substitution occur when Z is a hydrogen or a heteroatom that is more electronegative than carbon.

  8. Elimination is a reaction in which elements of the starting material are “lost” and a  bond is formed.

  9. In an elimination reaction, two groups X and Y are removed from a starting material. • Two  bonds are broken, and a  bond is formed between adjacent atoms. • The most common examples of elimination occur when X = H and Y is a heteroatom more electronegative than carbon.

  10. Addition is a reaction in which elements are added to the starting material.

  11. In an addition reaction, new groups X and Y are added to the starting material. A  bond is broken and two  bonds are formed.

  12. Addition and elimination reactions are exactly opposite. A  bond is formed in elimination reactions, whereas a  bond is broken in addition reactions.

  13. Organic Reactions-Addition Cont’d Addition of hydrogen H2 can be used to saturate an unsaturated hydrocarbon. It uses a catalyst such as platinum (Pt) H H C C H H H H C C H H H H H C C H H H + H2 Pt

  14. Organic Reactions-Esterification • Esterification – making an ester by combining an alcohol with an organic acid H H H C C OH H H O H HO C C H H + H H H C C O H H O H C C H H + H2O

  15. Making an ester by removing water from an acid and an alcohol Propanoic acid 1-Pentanol H H O H C C C O H H H H H H H C C C C C H H H H H H H HO Pentylpropanoate

  16. Naming Esters (-COOC-) • Esters have a double bonded Oxygen and an –O– bonded to another carbon. • Name the alkyl group that came from the alcohol. Name the acid but drop -ic acid and replace it with ate. Propanoicacid+pentanolPentylpropanoate +water Propanoic acid 1-Pentanol H H O H C C C OH H H H H H H H HO C C C C C H H H H H H

  17. Ethanoate Methyl Name the ester: Methyl ethanoate H O H H C C O C H H H Acid Alcohol Determine which side was the alcohol and which side was the acid by drawing a line through the oxygen in the chain. The side with the double bonded O was the acid. Alcohol will make you yl if you ate the acid.

  18. Organic Reactions-Combustion • Combustion • Burning • Combining with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water Burning Methane CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O Burning Octane 2C8H18 +25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O Burning Ethanol C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

More Related