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Navigation Latitude and Longitude

Navigation Types. PilotageReferencing only the ground and landmarksDead ReckoningUsing predetermined vectors and tracksRadio NavigationUsing radio aidsCelestial NavigationMeasuring angles to heavenly bodies (sun, moon, stars)Inertial NavigationUsing self-contained airborne gyroscopic/el

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Navigation Latitude and Longitude

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    1. Navigation Latitude and Longitude Pilot Ground School 2008 - Lesson 5.1

    2. Navigation Types Pilotage Referencing only the ground and landmarks Dead Reckoning Using predetermined vectors and tracks Radio Navigation Using radio aids Celestial Navigation Measuring angles to heavenly bodies (sun, moon, stars) Inertial Navigation Using self-contained airborne gyroscopic/electronic equipment to measure speed/direction Satellite Navigation Using satellites to triangulate position (GPS)

    3. Longitude Meridians of Longitude Semi great circles joining true or magnetic poles (true/magnetic meridians) Measured 0° to 180° east and west of prime meridian (0°) International Date Line is 180°

    4. Longitude

    5. Latitude Parallels of Latitude Circles whose plane lie parallel to equator Equator is great circle at 0° Parallels run 90° north and south of equator

    6. Latitude

    7. Geographical Co-ordinates Locations on Earth can be located by latitude and longitude intersection Example: Toronto, Canada = 43°39'N 79°23'W Sydney, Australia = 33°51'S 151°12'E Units: Degrees (°), Minutes (‘), Seconds (“) 1° = 60’ 1’ = 60”

    8. Geographical Co-ordinates

    9. Time and Longitude Solar Day Interval between two successive transits of the sun Divided into 24 hours Sun travels 360° around earth, therefore 15° per hour Conversions: 1 hour = 15 degrees longitude 1 min = 15 minutes longitude 1 sec = 15 seconds longitude 360 degrees longitude = 24 hours 1 degree longitude = 4 min 1 minute longitude = 4 sec 1 second longitude = 1/15 sec Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) is time at prime meridian. Also known as Zulu (Z) time.

    10. Time and Longitude

    11. Great Circle Circle on Earth’s surface whose plane passes through the center of the earth (“cuts” earth in half) Great Circle Route (or Arc) is shortest distance between two points Meridians and Equator are great circles

    12. Rhumb Line Curved line on Earth’s surface cutting all meridians at the same angle Parallels are rhumb lines

    13. Headings and Bearings Directions measured degrees clockwise from north (0° or 360°) Heading Direction aircraft nose (longitudinal axis) is pointing True heading uses true north Magnetic heading uses magnetic north

    14. Headings and Bearings Bearing (AKA Azimuth) Position of object relative to your aircraft Measured clockwise from longitudinal axis through 360° Not related to aircraft heading

    15. Track Track (AKA Intended Track or Required Track) Direction airplane intends to travel over ground Drawn on map as straight line from point A to point B Can be True, Magnetic or Compass Track Track Made Good Actual path traveled by airplane over ground Drift Angle Angle between airplane heading and track made good Expressed as degree left/right

    16. Track

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