1 / 74

Stress in Aquaculture Time to Take Action

ronalee
Download Presentation

Stress in Aquaculture Time to Take Action

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

    1. Stress in Aquaculture Time to Take Action Ahmed Mustafa Department of Biology Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, IN

    2. What is Aquaculture Aquaculture is the propagation and husbandry of aquatic plants and animals in water for commercial, recreational, and scientific purposes. Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic plants and animals.

    3. Types of Aquaculture Extensive Intensive Semi-intensive

    4. Types of Aquaculture Extensive aquaculture involves low degree of control over environment, nutrition, predators, competitors, and disease causing agents. Plant and animal seed stock is obtained from nature. Cost, technology, stocking rates, and production levels are low.

    5. Types of Aquaculture Intensive aquaculture involves high degree of control over the systems. Seed stock is produced from domestic brood stock within the system. Cost, technology, stocking density, and production levels are all high.

    6. Types of Aquaculture Semi-intensive aquaculture involves a combination of some attributes of extensive and intensive aquaculture. It is usually done in men-made ponds and raceways. Cost, technology, stocking rate and production levels are all intermediate.

    7. Types of Aquaculture Monoculture Polyculture Integrated Farming

    8. Types of Aquaculture Monoculture: Culture of one species Extensive, intensive, or semi-intensive

    9. Types of Aquaculture Polyculture: Culture of multiple species Usually semi-intensive

    10. Types of Aquaculture Integrated Farming: Integrated farming systems are probably as old as farming itself if the broadest definition of integrated farming is accepted. Integration occurs when outputs (usually by-products) of one production sub-system are used as inputs by another, within the farm unit: (Semi-intensive system).

    11. Aquaculture Products About 20,000 sp of fish, 200,000 sp of invertebrates & 14,000 sp of aquatic plants - about 500 of these sp are now cultivated commercially: 314 fin fish 74 crustaceans 69 molluscs 43 algae 13 angiosperms 12 sponges 9 amphibians 4 reptiles 3 rotifers 2 annelids 2 mammals 1 echinoderms

    12. Other Aquaculture Products Pharmaceuticals Enzymes Biomolecular Materials Biomonitors Biopesticides Biomass for energy production

    13. Problems of Aquaculture Extensive Husbandry Methods crowding, handling, vaccinating Environmental impacts Temperature, salinity, toxicity from chemical discharge Diseases Parasitic, bacterial, viral STRESS

    14. Problems of Aquaculture STRESS

    15. Problems of Aquaculture Stress Any stimulus that impairs the normal performance Acute or chronic Levels of stress Primary: activation of neuroendocrine system and production of stress hormone, cortisol (Alarm) Secondary: effects of cortsiol on physiological systems (Resistance) Tertiary: consequence of physiological changes (Exhaustion)

    16. Problems of Aquaculture

    17. Problems of Aquaculture Stress Physical Chemical Biological

    18. Problems of Aquaculture SEA LICE

    19. What are Sea Lice Mustafa, A., Conboy, G., and Burka, J. 2001. Life-span and reproductive capacity of sea lice, Lepeoththeirus salmonis, under laboratory conditions. Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada. 4: 113-114.

    20. What are Sea Lice Lepeophtheirus salmonis (salmon louse) Natural parasite to salmonids Restricted to genera Salmo, Salvelinus, Oncorhynchus Caligus elongatus (sea louse) Parasite to many marine fishes Rreported from 73 different families

    22. What are Sea Lice

    23. What are Sea Lice: Current Treatment Methods Chemical Drug bath Drugs incorporated in feed Biological Cleaner fish

    27. Limitations: Efficacy of removing sea lice Stress it causes to fish Availability Financial costs Environmental effects

    28. Cost of Sea Lice Treatment Mustafa, A., Rankadua, W., and Campbell, P. 2001. Estimating the cost of sea lice to salmon aquaculture in Eastern Canada. Canadian Veterinary Journal, 42: 54-56.

    29. Cost of Sea Lice Treatment Loss Factors Total Loss in Value/Year (Can$) Reduced growth 180,000 Reduced FCR 37,500 Downgrading 6,000 Secondary disease 27,000 Mortality 81,000 Treatment 1 12,000 Treatment 2 10,000 Treatment 3 10,000 * Estimation calculated from a small salmon farm (200,000 fish)

    30. Cost of Sea Lice Treatment Average Cost to Produce Salmon from a Small Farm Farm Without Farm With Farm With Sea lice Sea lice Sea lice (no Treatment) (Regular Treatment) 200,000 fish X 3kg/fish @ 3,600,000 3,936,000 3,696,000 Harvest

    31. To minimize the dependency on chemical treatments To maximize the economics of salmon aquaculture

    32. To determine the effects of sea lice on the development of chronic stress and suppression of host defense mechanisms To identify practices that could reduce stress in salmon and consequently, susceptibility to sea lice infections To investigate the role of stress responses on the effectiveness of current and future therapeutics

    33. Effects of Sea Lice Mustafa, A., MacWilliams, C., Fernandez, N., Matchet, K., Conboy, G., and Burka, J. 2000. Effects of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) infestation on macrophage functions in Atlantic salmon (Salmon salar). Fish and Shellfish Immunology, 10: 47-59.

    34. Experimental design Fish and their maintenance Atlantic salmon smolts (S2) Two groups: control and infested Acclimation: 30±2 ppt; 10±1o C Sea lice culture and infestation Ovigerous sea lice from Bay of Fundy Cultured at lab condition (27±2 ppt; 10±1o C) Infested salmon with infective copepodids

    35. Sampling At day 0 prior to sea lice infestation At days 3, 7, 14, and 21 post-infestation Samples Blood : Plasma cortisol and plasma glucose Head kidney : Macrophage functions

    41. Summary The decreased macrophage activities are the consequences of chronic stress due to sea lice infections and their development gradient.

    42. Enhanced Effects of Sea Lice Mustafa, A., Speare, D., Daley, J., Conboy, G., and Burka, J. 2000. Enhanced susceptibility of seawater cultured rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, to the microsporidian Loma salmonae during a primary infection with the sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Journal of Fish Diseases, 23: 337-341.

    43. Hypothesis Sea lice cause infested fish to become more susceptible to pathogens, particularly those for which the host would typically mount a cell-mediated immune response Goals Determine if macrophage functions in seawater cultured rainbow trout are impaired by experimental infestation with the sea louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis Determine if macrophage impairment has significant effects on the susceptibility to a second pathogen, the gill microsporidian Loma salmonae

    44. Experimental design Fish and their maintenance Rainbow trout Two groups: control and infested Acclimation: 30±2 ppt; 10±1o C Sea lice culture and infestation Ovigerous sea lice from Bay of Fundy Cultured at lab condition (27±2 ppt; 10±1o C) Infested trout with infective copepodids (Intensity: moderate to high)

    45. Experimental design Loma infestation Day 28 post-sea lice infestation Mature xenomas from previously infested trout Macerated materials Infested trout by feeding spores

    46. Sampling At day 0 prior to sea lice infestation At days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 88 post-sea lice infestation Samples Fish : Sea lice numbers Gills : Xenoma counts Head kidney : Macrophage functions

    51. Summary Macrophage functions in sea lice infested fish are impaired, predisposing fish to subsequent infections to a second pathogen, Loma salmonae. Loma salmonae is a useful biological probe to assess whether host macrophage function suppression is biologically significant. With a plausible mechanism, pre-existing infection with one pathogen can undermine the resistance of fish to a second pathogen.

    52. Sea Lice: Host Specificity Fast, M., Ross, N., Mustafa, A., Sims, D., Johnson, S., Conboy, G., Speare, D., Johnson, G., and Burka, J. 2002. Susceptibility of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar and coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch to experimental infection with sea lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis. Diseases of Aquatic Organism, 52: 57-68.

    53. Objective: To see if there are significant differences in mucus biochemistry and numbers of sea lice that occur between the three species

    54. Sampling 160 fish of each species randomly distributed to 2 control and 2 treatment tanks. Sea lice were grown in lab and fish were infected 100-150 infective copepods/fish to treatment tanks 0 (prior to infection),1,3,7,14 days post infection (dpi) Samples Mucus Blood

    55. Levels of infection: salmon- trout -coho salmon

    56. Sea Lice: Host Specificity Fast, M., Sims, D., Burka, J., Mustafa, A., Ross, N. 2002. Skin morphology and hormonal non-specific defense parameters of mucus and plasma in rainbow trout, coho and Atlantic salmon. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 132: 645- 657.

    57. Objectives: To see if there are significant differences in Mucus Biochemistry Skin Histology

    58. Sampling 120 fish 40 Atlantic salmon 40 rainbow trout 40 Coho salmon Adapted to salt water Fed twice daily to satiation Infected with sea lice Samples Mucus Blood

    59. Coho salmon have sacciform cells (protective?)

    60. Sea Lice Control: Alternative Methods Mustafa, A. and MacKinnon, B. 1999. Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar and Arctic char, Salvelinus alpinus: Comparative correlation between iodine-iodide supplementation, thyroid hormone levels, plasma cortisol levels, and infection intensity with the sea louse, Caligus elongatus. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77: 1092-1101.

    61. Objectives: To determine whether differences in infection intensity are correlated with physiological stress; and if supplemental iodine/iodide provided to fish would result in lowered physiological stress and lowered infection intensity.

    68. Conclusion Supplementation of iodine in freshwater improves the health of Atlantic salmon by increasing the production of thyroid hormones, decreasing the production of cortisol, and decreasing the infection intensity of infection.

    69. Sea Lice Control: Alternative Methods Mustafa, A. Peters, G. and Burka, J. 2001. Do water temperature and flow affect sea lice development and settlement? Bulletin of the Aquaculture Association of Canada. 5: 53-55.

    70. Objectives: To determine role of water temperature and flow on the development and settlement of sea lice on their salmon host.

    71. Intensity of Sea lice infection Experimental Groups Sampling Period Week 2 Week 4 Week 6 5C Low Flow 13.2 13.2 12.4 5C High Flow 12.9 12.2 11.1 10C Low Flow 12.4 12.6 11.6 10C High Flow 12.5 10.3 9.4 15C Low Flow 12.9 12.2 10.8 15C High Flow 12.6 9.3 7.6

    72. Conclusion: Water temperature and increased flow significantly impact sea lice development and retention. Adaptation of these results under farm condition could be a significant boost to sea lice control with no environmental and chemotherapeutic consequences.

    73. My School of Fish at IPFW

More Related