Evolution and Classification Unit 8

1. Evolution and ClassificationUnit 8

2. Earth’s History NoteS

3. Earth’s History • Theories • Abiogenesis/spontaneous generation= Life from nonliving matter • Redi’s experiment (textbook p.380) • FALSE • Biogenesis= Life from living matter • Pasteur’s experiment (textbook p. 381) • TRUE

4. Early History of Earth • Super hot • Colliding meteorites heating surface • Frequent volcanic eruptions (lava and gases released) • Atmosphere- No free oxygen • Atmosphere- Water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, other gases present • 4.4 bya Earth began to cool

5. Earth’s History • The 1st living organisms were said to be anaerobic (without oxygen) and prokaryotic (without a nucleus) and unicellular • Over time, these organisms became photosynthetic (release oxygen into atmosphere) • Then, these organisms evolved to be aerobic (with oxygen) and eukaryotic (with a nucleus) and multicellular

6. Endosymbiosis Theory Fig 14.15 p. 385 • Supportive Evidence: • Mitochondria and Chloroplast contain own DNA , surrounded by own plasmamembrane, and reproduce through binaryfission.

7. Exit Ticket • The theory that life is derived from nonliving matter is called abiogenesis or ______________ _____________. • The two scientists that disproved the theory of abiogenesis was _____________ and ______________. • (True/False) The early atmosphere had no free oxygen to support living organisms. • The early atmosphere was (hot/cold). • The 1st living organisms were said to be ________(without oxygen) and ____________(without a nucleus) and unicellular.

8. Endosymbiosis Theory Notebook Page ______ Front---Draw, Color, Label & Descriptions • Page 385 Figure 14.15 Back---Write questions & answers • Early Earths atmosphere was very (hot, cold) and contained no free (oxygen, nitrogen).Therefore, the very first organism were (aerobic, anaerobic). • Which types of cells appeared first? (prokaryote, eukaryote) 3. The chloroplast is the site of (cellular respiration, photosynthesis). 4. Describe the fossilization process.

9. History of Evolution Notes

10. History of Evolution • Charles Darwin – The “Father of Evolution” • Traveled to the Galapagos islands in 1831 • Islands off the coast of South America • Darwin studied the plants and animals of the islands

11. Darwin’s Finches • Darwin studied finches (a type of bird) • Finches were similar looking species except for their beaks • Each type of finch had adaptedto their diet! • Seed eaters = thick, rigid beaks • Fruit eaters = thinner, less rigid beaks • Nectar eaters = long, thin beaks

12. Evolution • Evolution= a gradual change over time • Occurs over many generations • Evolution can lead to the formation of a new species------speciation

13. Natural Selection • = nature selects the best traits for survival • Over time, the beneficialadaptationmakes up a much larger percentage of the population • Which leads to gradual change in a species over time • Also known as – Survival of the fittest

14. Artificial Selection • Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits

15. Exit Ticket • _________ ________the “Father of Evolution” and he travelled to the ______________ islands. • Define natural selection. • Natural selection is also called __________ ____ _____ _________. • Breeding organisms with specific traits in order to produce offspring with identical traits is called _____________ ____________. • _____________ -gradual change in a species over time.

16. Natural Selection Notes

17. Darwin’s Finches

18. Natural Selection • Natural Selection: Organisms that are best adapted to an environment to survive and reproduce more than others

19. Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection occurs in four steps: • Overproduction • Variation • Competition • Selection

20. 1. Overproduction • Each species produces more offspring that can survive

21. 2. Variation • Each individual has a unique combination of inherited traits. • Adaptation:an inherited trait that increases an organism’s chances of survival

22. What adaptations do you see?

23. What adaptations do you see?

25. Why is Variation Important? • Because the environment changes. • The more variation within a species, the more likely it will survive • EX: If everyone is the same, they are all vulnerable to the same environmental changes or diseases • The more variation of types of speciesin an habitat, the more likely at least some will survive • EX: Dinosaurs replaced by mammals

26. Which community has a better chance of surviving a natural disaster? Community A Community B

27. 3. Competition • Individuals COMPETE for limited resources: • Food, water, space, mates • Natural selection occurs through “Survival of the fittest” • Fitness: the ability to survive and reproduce • Not all individuals survive to adulthood

28. 4. Selection • The individuals with the best traits / adaptations will survive and have the opportunity to pass on it’s traitsto offspring. • Natural selection acts on the phenotype(physical appearance), not the genotype(genetic makeup) • Ex: When a predator finds its prey, it is due to the prey’s physical characteristics, like color or slow speed, not the alleles (BB, Bb)

29. Descent with Modification • Descent with Modification – each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time. • Common Descent – all living organisms are related to one another

30. How do we see natural selection? • Pesticide and antibiotic resistance (Textbook p. 399 Figure 15.5)

31. Bacterial Resistance to AntibioticsNotebook Page ______ Front---Draw, Color, Label & Descriptions • Page 399 Figure 15.5 Back---Write questions & answers • The development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics is ______________ evidence for evolution. • Define/explain Bacterial Resistance.

32. Exit Ticket • What are the four steps to natural selection? 1.______________ 3. ____________ 2.______________ 4. ____________ • An inherited trait that increases an organism’s chances of survival is called a(n) ___________. • Natural selection acts on the _________ (physical appearance), not the _________(genetic makeup). • ________ ____ _________ is the idea that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time. • Another name for Natural Selection. ______ __ __ ____.

33. Evidence for EvolutionNotes Charles Darwin

34. Individuals with traits that are not well suited to their environment either die or leave few offspring. • Evolution occurs when good traits build up in a populationover many generations and bad traits are eliminated by the death of the individuals.

39. Peppered Moth A • Which moth will the bird catch? B

40. Evidence for Evolution • Structural Adaptations • Fossils • Anatomical Evidence • Biochemical Evidence • Embryonic Structures (Embryology)

41. Structural Adaptations • Adaptation: process that enables an organism to respond to environmental factors and live to produce offspring • Ex: Blind mole rats (Fig 15.3 p. 396) • Mimicry: enables one species to resemble another species • Camouflage: enables species to blend with their surroundings

42. Fossils • Used to compare bone structures • Used to determine when an organism lived and where it lived • they can be ordered to help scientists understand which animals lived before others.

43. Fossils-found in sedimentary rocks • RelativeDating • A method of determining the sequential order of fossils and sediment • Younger layers on top of older layers • AbsoluteDating aka Radioactive Dating • Calculating the amount of radioactive substance left in the fossil • Ex. C-14

44. Anatomical Evidence • Homologous structures • Similar structure but different function • Common ancestor Example two anatomical structures in different species produced from the same embryonic tissues  Arm of a Human and a Cat

45. Anatomical Evidence • Analogous Structures Different Structures but Similar function No common ancestor

46. Anatomical Evidence • Vestigial Structures = may have once had a function but have evolved to be useless over time • Examples: • Whale’s hipbone • Human appendix • Human wisdom teeth

47. Biochemical Evidence • Comparison of DNA, RNA and proteins (amino acids) between species Example Human insulin is more similar to chimpanzee insulin than mouse insulin

48. Embryology • = similarities among developing embryos

49. BUT what is the BEST way to determine the evolutionary relationship between species??? • Biochemical Evidence! • Comparing the amino acid sequences of their proteins • Comparing DNA

50. From these evidences, we can determine… • Common ancestry! = a group of organisms share common descent or a common ancestor