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Circulation and Blood

Circulation and Blood. Blood is more than just a red liquid that leaks onto your best white shirt when you cut yourself!. What is blood?. How much blood does your heart pump in a day? 7,000 litres How long do red blood cells live? 4 months How long does blood last outside your body?

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Circulation and Blood

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  1. Circulation and Blood

  2. Blood is more than just a red liquid that leaks onto your best white shirt when you cut yourself! What is blood?

  3. How much blood does your heart pump in a day? • 7,000 litres How long do red blood cells live? • 4 months How long does blood last outside your body? • 5 days

  4. In a tiny drop of blood, there are 250 million RBC’s, 375,000 WBC’s, & 16 million platelets • Your body has about 5.6 litres of blood, which circulates through the body 3 times every minute • During an average lifetime, the heart will pump enough blood to fill over 100 full-sized swimming pools

  5. What is blood made up of?

  6. Blood is 55% plasma (liquid) • The plasma portion of blood is: • 91% water • Maintains blood volume • Transports molecules • 7% proteins • Ex. Clotting protein, albumin, immunoglobulin (Antibodies)… • 2% salts, gases (O2, CO2), nutrients, wastes, hormones, vitamins, etc… Plasma

  7. Blood is 45% formed elements (solids) • The solid portion of blood is: • Red Blood Cells • Erythrocytes • White Blood Cells • Leukocytes • Platelets • Thrombocytes Formed Elements

  8. When the liver and kidneys detect low levels of oxygen in the body, they release chemicals that stimulate the red bone marrow to increase production of RBC’s • It takes several weeks to build up the rate of erythrocytes production and this is why it takes a while to become acclimatized when you: • Visit or move to a higher elevation • Hemorrhage after an accident • Have sickle cell anemia How are RBC’s Made

  9. No nuclei • Transport CO2 and O2 and H+ (acts like a buffer) • Biconcave discs: look like donuts without complete holes • Live for ~ 120 days(4 months)Dark purple to bright red • Contain hemoglobin molecules, carbonic anhydrase, and antigens • There are ~ 800 million oxygen molecules in each RBC • Made in the red bone marrow Red Blood Cells (RBC’s)

  10. Transport oxygen as oxyhemoglobin (bright red) Hb + O2 HbO2 • Transports carbon dioxide as carboxyhemoglobin Hb + CO2 HbCO2 • Transports hydrogen ions as reduced hemoglobin (thus acting as a buffer) Hb+ H+ HHb Note: Fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen than maternal hemoglobin!

  11. They make histamines, antibodies, and hunter killer cells • Fight infection: the antibodies attach to foreign invaders & the hunter killer cells destroy them • WBC’s can squeeze out of blood vessels to attack invaders White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

  12. They have strangely shaped nuclei • They are also made in the red bone marrow White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)

  13. They are just fragments of cells with no nuclei • We produce ~ 200 billion/day • Made in bone marrow Platelets Platelets(Thrombocytes)

  14. Aid in blood clotting • Recognize micro tears in blood vessels & bind together to form a blood clot Platelets (Thrombocytes)

  15. Step 1: A vessel and platelets become damaged some way • Step 2: Platelets release a protein call thromboplastin • Step 3: Thromboplastin changes prothrombin (a blood protein produced by the liver) into thrombin (requires calcium) • Step 4: Thrombin changes fibrinogen (another blood protein produced by the liver) into fibrin (insoluble) Formation of a Blood Clot

  16. A system of thin-walled vessels with valves that drain fluids from bodies tissue spaces The Lymphatic System

  17. Functions: • Take up excessive tissue fluids • Transport fatty acids and glycerol (from intestines to subclavian vein) • Fight infection (lymphocytes) • Trap and remove cellular debris The Lymphatic System

  18. Structures: • Lymph Ducts and Capillaries • Drain and collect excess fluids from tissues • Take fluids to nodes to be cleaned • Cleansed lymph travels through lymph ducts to the subclavian vein where they are dumped into the anterior vena cava The Lymphatic System

  19. Structures: • Lymph Nodes • Remove debris from lymph = cleanse lymph • Contain phagocytic lymphocytes • White blood cells make antibodies and attack invaders The Lymphatic System

  20. Structures: • Lacteals • Absorb/transport fatty acids & glycerol in the villi of the small intestine • Other Lymphoid Organs • Tonsils, appendix, spleen, and thymus gland The Lymphatic System

  21. Antigens and Antibodies have different but related functions Antigens, Antibodies & Blood Type

  22. An identification protein on a RBC • It is a glycoprotein on the RBC membrane • There are two kinds of antigens on human RBC’s • A and/or B • Therefore, there are 4 possible blood types • Antigen A  Type A blood • Antigen B  Type B blood • Antigen A & B  Type AB blood • No Antigens  Type O blood Antigen

  23. A protein designed to combat any foreign protein • Made by the WBC cells in the body • Will bind to foreign proteins with foreign antigens • This causes agglutination = clumping • WBC’s will then destroy the agglutinated cells Antigen Antibody (Agglutinization) = + Antibody Y (Foreign) (Yours) Y Y Y Y = + Y Y Y

  24. Our blood has antibodies that are opposite to the antigens we have on our RBC’s. WHY? So we don’t attack our own blood!

  25. Type A has B antibodies Type B has A antibodies Type O has A and B antibodies Type AB has No antibodies

  26. Therefore blood transfusions are tricky: introducing foreign antigens can lead to… DEATH Note: Antibodies are REMOVED from donated blood – they cannot cause agglutination Blood donor yes clumps clumps yes clumps yes clumps yes yes yes yes yes clumps clumps clumps yes

  27. The Rh factor is another antigen that may be present on the RBC • The presence of this antigen plays a role in childbirth • If you are Rh+ you have the antigen and do not have the ‘D’ antibodies (85% of Caucasians are Rh+) • If you are Rh- you do not have the antigen. You don’t normally have the ‘D’ antibodies, but can make them if you are exposed to Rh antigens. • If Rh antigens are mixed with Rh antibodies agglutination occurs. Rh Antigen

  28. Donor Recipient Anti-Rh Antibodies  in Recipient's Blood Rh +    Rh -    Rh -  Rh + Will Produceanti-Rh Antibodies Will Not Produceanti-Rh Antibodies

  29. So Who Is TRULY the UNIVERSAL DONOR? Type O-

  30. If an Rh- mother has an Rh+ baby complications can occur with a second pregnancy • Normally, the mother/fetal blood does not mix or cross the placenta • However, at birth there is usually some mixing, and the mother will begin to produce Rh antibodies in response to the Rh antigens on the baby’s Rh+ RBC’s • There is no danger for either the mother or the first baby Why else is this important?

  31. BUT…If the mother becomes pregnant with another Rh+ baby, the mother’s antibodies (made during the birth of the 1st child) are small, and can cross the placenta • These antibodies will agglutinate the baby’s blood • This will cause the baby to die/be still born (Erythroblastosis) Why else is this important?

  32. When the first Rh+ baby is born, doctors can destroy the Rh+ blood cells is the mother’s plasma before the mother has time to make the Rh antibodies • An injection of Rh immune globulin (RhoGAM) does this How can this be prevented

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