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Vaccination

Vaccination. NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY. Active : Acquired through contact with microorganisms ( infection ). Provides long term protection. Passive : Antibodies pass from mother to fetus across placenta or in breast milk (IgG)

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Vaccination

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  1. Vaccination

  2. NATURALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Active: • Acquired through contact with microorganisms (infection). • Provides long term protection. • Passive: • Antibodies pass from motherto fetus across placenta or in breast milk (IgG) • Provides immediate short term protection (few months)

  3. ARTIFICIALLY ACQUIRED IMMUNITY • Active: • Antigens introduced through vaccination. • Provides long term protection. • Passive: • Induced by the transfer of antibodies • Referred to as: Immune serum globulins(ISG), immune globulins (IG) or gamma globulins • Provides immediate short term protection

  4. It was recognized long ago that individuals who survived smallpox, plague, and cholera rarely contracted the disease again. • Vaccine: Is a nonpathogenicimmunogen that, when inoculated into a host, induces protective immunity against a specific pathogen. • A vaccine is antigenic but not pathogenic.

  5. The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived fromvaccinia virus (smallpox of the cow) developed by Edward Jenner in 1798 • Rabies vaccine (developed by Louis Pasteur in 1880).

  6. Properties of Vaccines: Induce effective protection without significant danger of disease or severe side effects. Induce long-standing protection . Must be able to stimulate cellular and Humoral(Neutralizing Abs) immunity against specific pathogen. Neutralizing antibodies to minimize reinfection. Inexpensive, and easy to produce. Stable for storage, transport, and use

  7. N Types of Vaccines: Active vaccine: Microbes, or microbial antigens (capsular proteins, toxins,…..) administrated to produce humoral and\or cellular immune response. long or permanent protection. Passive vaccine: Protection transferred from another person or animal. Temporary protection that wanes with time.

  8. Control of vaccination procedure: Factors that should be considered in immunization procedure: Pathogenic dose. Form of vaccine. Site of administration. Individuals age. Individuals immunity.

  9. Types of vaccines • Live vaccines • Attenuated Vaccine • Killed \Inactivated Vaccines • Toxoid Vaccine • Subunit Vaccine

  10. Live vaccines • Made from living infectious agents without any amendment. not pathogenic but immunogenic. • Example: small pox vaccine, made of live vaccinia cow-pox virus (not variola virus) which gives cross immunity for variola.

  11. Attenuated Vaccine: living microbes but have their virulence weakened by heat or chemicals so theimmune response is similar to natural infection. Should not be given to immunocompromised. Example: Viruses: oral Polio vaccine (Sabine), Bacterial: BCG.

  12. Killed \Inactivated Vaccines: dead or inactivated microbes by physical or chemical treatment. Lost it’s virulence but still immunogenic. Example: Viral: hepatitis A. Bacterial: pertussis.

  13. Toxoid Vaccine: Detoxified (inactivated) bacterial toxins by formalin or heat . Example: Diphtheria and Tetanus.

  14. N Subunit Vaccine: Bacterial: Capsular material: H.influenzae type b, Pneumococci, Meningococci. Viral: capsid: surface antigen of Hepatitis B virus Recombinant Vaccine: Genetically modified microbes with low virulence (pathogenic genes are removed) . HBV vaccine.

  15. Adjuvants (aid): -Bacterial components or other substances (chemical), suspended in oil that administrated together with vaccines to increase the effectiveness of immunization. Examples: - The pertussis component of DTP vaccine. - Aluminum phosphate or hydroxide.

  16. Conjugate Vaccine • Conjugation is the process of linking polysaccharide antigen to a protein carrier in order to provoke stronger immune response. • These vaccines are protective even in children under two years of age. • H.influenzae, N.meningitidis, S.pneumoniae.

  17. Conjugation Conjugate vaccine Bacteria Carrier protein Polysaccharide linked to carrier protein Polysaccharide

  18. Immunization schedule in KSA.

  19. Examples of Vaccines Polio: attenuated; Sabine: administrated orally. Inactivated; Salk: administrated Intramuscular. DTP (DTaP):Intramuscular. -Diphtheria: toxoid -Tetanus: toxoid. -Pertussis: killed. acellular pertussis: subunit MMR: Live attenuated Subcutaneous. -Measles. -Mumps. -Rubella. Hepatitis B: Recombinant IM.

  20. SUCCESFULL VACCINATION PROJECTS • SMALLPOX Vaccination WHO ( 1967 - 1977 ) Last naturally acquired case SOMALIA 1977 1978 last death Global eradication 1979

  21. Afghanistan, Nigeria and Pakistan

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