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NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “ A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR CLEANER TOMORROW”

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “ A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR CLEANER TOMORROW”. Bio-diesel As a Prospective Diesel Fuel: Research & Development Pursuits in IIT,Delhi . IIT Delhi.

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NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON “ A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR CLEANER TOMORROW”

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  1. NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON“A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR CLEANER TOMORROW”

  2. Bio-diesel As a Prospective Diesel Fuel:Research & Development Pursuits in IIT,Delhi

  3. IIT Delhi “ The earth was not given to us by our parents , it has been loaned to us by our children ” - Kenyan Proverb Same feeling exists in all societies We should handover a safer earth to future generation

  4. IIT Delhi RELEVANCE OF DIESEL FUEL IN INDIAN CONTEXT Public Transportation System Mechanized Agricultural sector (irrigation, pumping etc) Several Decentralized energy units Diesel consumption- about seven times more than that of Petrol

  5. IIT Delhi ENGINES AND UNCONVENTIONAL FUELS LAB, IIT DELHI Hydrogen Compressed Natural Gas(CNG) Bio-Diesel Hydrogen Added Natural Gas Ethanol Methanol Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Biogas Producer Gas

  6. IIT Delhi USE OF VEGETABLE OILS -NOT A RADICALLY NEW CONCEPT “The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today, but such oils may become in course of time as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time” - Rudolf Diesel (1912), Inventor of Diesel engine Address to the Engineering Society of St Louis, Missouri in 1912

  7. IIT Delhi BIO-DIESEL ABROAD Saffola Sunflower Soya-bean Peanut Canola Rapeseed A host of others are being used which are essentially edible in Indian context

  8. IIT Delhi BIODIESEL ABROAD France,Italy, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Brazil, Argentina, Sweden, USA, Canada and many other countries Malaysia - largest Biodiesel production unit with annual capacity of 500, 000 tonnes / year using palm oil

  9. IIT Delhi BIODIESEL IN INDIAN CONTEXT CONTD… Renewable, can be produced domestically from lots of non-edible/wild crops grown on waste or degraded land.Hence sustained availability of raw materials-Energy security Can be used in existing diesel engines without major hardware modifications Low-cost and not-a-very-high-tech route. can be readily implemented even in rural sector.

  10. IIT Delhi BIODIESEL IN INDIAN CONTEXT Clean-burning, safe to handle, transport and store. Non-toxic, biodegradable and free of sulphur and carcinogenic benzene Absence of sulphur and aromatics in biodiesel is very positive to the lifetime of the catalyst used in automobile exhaust system

  11. IIT Delhi APPLICATION AREAS OF INDIGENOUSLY DEVELOPED BIO-DIESEL Diesel gensets Irrigation pumps Small scale/Home industries Tractors(self-sufficiency for the farmer) Transportation (Public & Private sectors)

  12. IIT Delhi VISCOSITY-THE MAJOR STUMBLING BLOCK Vegetable oils have larger molecules: upto four times larger than typical diesel molecules High viscosity of vegetable oils: upto 12 times that of diesel fuel--- interferes with the injection process and leads to poor fuel atomization Inefficient mixing with air contributes to incomplete combustion which leads to more deposit formation, carbonization of injector tips

  13. IIT Delhi VEGETABLE OILS TESTED IN IIT, DELHI FOR ENGINE APPLICATION Neat plant oils Azadirachta indica (Neem) Madhuca indica (Mahua) Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) Jatropha Curcas Kusum Palm Rice Bran Oil Linseed

  14. IIT Delhi PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH NEAT VEGETABLE OIL IN IIT DELHI LAB STUDIES Clogging of Fuel Lines Carbonization of injector tips Deposit on Cylinder Walls Poor Ignition and combustion due to improper atomization Lube oil Contamination

  15. IIT Delhi CARBON DEPOSIT ON INJECTOR TIP USING NEAT VEGETABLE OIL (WITHOUT TRANSESTERIFICATION)

  16. IIT Delhi FUEL FORMULATION TECHNIQUES ADOPTEDTO OVERCOME PROBLEMS Blending Emulsification Esterification Transesterification was eventually successful in bringing about the viscosity close to conventional diesel.

  17. IIT Delhi FORMULATION OF BIO-DIESELTRANSNSESTERIFICATION Transesterification is the process of using an alcohol (e.g., methanol or ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, to chemically break the molecule of the raw renewable oil into methyl or ethyl esters of the renewable oil with glycerol as a by-product.

  18. IIT Delhi Removal of excess alcohol by vacuum distillation Karanja Oil KOH (Catalyst) Biodiesel (unrefined) Alcohol free Biodiesel TRANSESTERIFICATION (IN LAB) Alcohol (Methanol/Ethanol) Washing with water Glycerine (unrefined) Byproduct : separated from biodiesel by settling Waste water Biodiesel (with moisture) Moisture removal by Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate or by heating Neat Biodiesel (B100) CI Engine Neat or blended with diesel

  19. IIT Delhi TRANSESTERIFICATION The glycerine can be used to make soap (or any other product) and the methyl ester is washed and filtered. The resulting biodiesel fuel when used directly in a Diesel engine burns much cleaner than petroleum–based Diesel fuel.

  20. IIT Delhi Process Input Levels = Process Output Levels PRODUCTION PROCESS TRANSESTERIFICATION Nothing Is Wasted Source: NBB

  21. IIT Delhi VALUE ADDED BY-PRODUCT (GLYCERINE) The glycerin can be used to make soap (or any other product) and the methyl ester is washed and filtered The resulting biodiesel fuel when used directly in a Diesel engine burns much cleaner than petroleum–based Diesel fuel

  22. IIT Delhi BIODIESEL DEVELOPED IN IIT, DELHI Biodiesel Developed After Transesterification Madhuca indica (Mahua) Mahua Oil Methy Ester (MOME) Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) Karanja Oil Methy Ester (KOME) Linseed Linseed Oil Methy Ester (LOME)

  23. IIT Delhi VARIOUS ASPECTS OF INVESTIGATION IN IITD ON DIESEL ENGINES Studies on neat vegetable oils Development of biodiesel in lab Performance characteristics Exhaust emission characteristics Combustion studies Endurance tests Tribological studies

  24. IIT Delhi ENGINE TESTS DONE IN IIT, DELHI (5% TO 100%) OF BIODIESEL Performance Tests Fuel Consumption Brake Mean Effective Pressure Thermal Efficiency Brake Specific Energy Consumption

  25. IIT Delhi KARANJA FRUITS ON THE TREE (IIT DELHI CAMPUS) Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) belongs to the family Leguminaceae. It is a hardy tree borne oilseed. Grows under a wide range of agroclimatic conditions.

  26. IIT Delhi TRANSESTERIFICATION IN LAB, IIT DELHI (1 LITRE/BATCH UNIT) Methanol/oil molar ratio: 12:1 Volume ratio: 1:2 Catalyst: 1% KOH (w/v) Temperature: 60oC Reaction time: 3 hrs

  27. IIT Delhi 6 LITRES / BATCH CAPACITY Transesterification Unit with Alcohol Recovery Unit

  28. IIT Delhi GLYCEROL SEPARATION &WASHING BIODIESEL WITH WATER

  29. IIT Delhi 6 LITRES/BATCH CAPACITY The excess methanol was removed by vacuum distillation The product was allowed to stand for 24 hrs Upper (biodiesel) layer was separated from lower (glycerine) layer Biodiesel was washed with water Heated to 70oC for 15 min to remove moisture • The yield of Karanja oil methyl ester was > 90% (v/v)

  30. IIT Delhi VISCOSITY EFFECT IN DIFFERENT SAMPLES

  31. IIT Delhi BIODIESEL-SETUP

  32. IIT Delhi LUBRICITY Our studies agree with many International Researchers that biodiesel have excellent lubricity Even 1% of biodiesel blend can provide adequate lubricity as compared to petro-diesel.

  33. IIT Delhi BLEND LEVEL Biodiesel mixes with petro-diesel in any blend level thus making it a very flexible additive Our lab studies in IITD shows that a blend of 20% biodiesel with 80% diesel is best for optimum performance and minimum emission characteristics

  34. IIT Delhi SOME IMPORTANT TEST RESULTS Contd… Totally miscible with diesel in any proportion. B100 has been suggested in some parts of USA Biodiesel viscosity comes very close to diesel Flash point gets lowered after esterification Cetane number gets improved Even lower concentrations of biodiesel act as cetane number improver for diesel fuel

  35. IIT Delhi SOME IMPORTANT TEST RESULTS Thermal efficiency gets improved NOx level is slightly (2-4%) higher in some cases. NOx level lowered by retarding the injection timing Exhaust gas is free from SO2, Lead Biodiesel offers lower exhaust emissions of CO, HC and particulates) than diesel fuel Smoke opacity gets lowered

  36. IIT Delhi PERFORMANCE STUIDES

  37. IIT Delhi PEAK THERMAL EFFICIENCY VS BLEND LEVEL 20% biodiesel: optimum concentration for biodiesel blend with improved performance

  38. IIT Delhi THERMAL EFFICIENCY Vs BMEP

  39. IIT Delhi EMISSION STUDIES

  40. IIT Delhi SMOKE OPACITY Vs BMEP

  41. IIT Delhi NOx Vs BMEP

  42. IIT Delhi BENZENE IN LUBE OIL

  43. IIT Delhi • Dimensions of critical parts measured before and after the tests shows that carbon deposits on the piston head of the biodiesel operated system are substantially lesser in comparison to diesel operated one. • The carbonization of biodiesel injector tip was lesser in comparison to diesel injector after 200 hrs of operation. • Problems of carbon deposits and coking of injector tip have completely disappeared after the esterification of vegetable oils. LONG TERM ENDURANCE TESTS(512 HRS)

  44. IIT Delhi CONCLUSIONS Diesel engine can perform satisfactory for long run on biodiesel without any major system hardware modifications Transesterification - an effective process Flash point, density, pour point, cetane number, calorific value of the biodiesel comes in very close range to that of Petro diesel Diesel engine can perform satisfactorily for prolonged operation on biodiesel without any major hardware modifications

  45. Thank you Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi

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