Earth Science Notes

1. Earth Science Notes Water Erosion

2. Water Erosion • Runoff – water that is produced by precipitation that does not get absorbed by the earth or evaporated.

3. Water Erosion • Factors affecting runoff • Incline of land • Vegetation • Type of soil

4. Water Erosion Water erosion types • Rill erosion – formation of small streams during heavy rain that create channels.

5. Water Erosion Water erosion types • Sheet erosion – occurs when water is flowing as sheets picks up sediments.

6. Common types of erosion • Sheet erosion Occurs when thin layers of the topsoil are moved by the force of the runoff water, leaving the surface uniformly eroded. • Rill erosion Caused by runoff water when it creates small, linear depressions in the soil surface. These are easily removed during land tillage. • Gully erosion They are formed from small depressions, which concentrate water and enlarge until several join to form a channel.

7. Water Erosion Water erosion types • Stream erosion – occurs when stream picks up sediments and carries load down stream. • Suspended load – lightweight sediment • Bed load – heavier sediments

8. River System Development • River System – all the small rills, creeks, channels and streams that feed into a larger river.

10. St. Joseph River System

11. River System Development • Drainage basin – the area of land where water collects and eventually drains from into the larger river • Mississippi river basin, St. Joe River basin

12. Development of Streams Young  Mature  Old • Stage doesnot correspond to how long the stream has existed • A young stream may be many years older than a mature stream

13. Development of Streams • Young streams – fast moving stream, has a steep channel, more erosion on the bottom then on the sides of the stream.

14. Development of Streams • Mature streams – slower moving stream like ones that flow through valleys, more erosion on the sides of the stream, usually curvy, meanders.

15. Development of Streams • Old streams – smooth flowing, very wide, surrounded by flood plain.

16. Rivers and streams carry sediment

17. Deposition of Streams and Rivers • Deltas - form at the mouth of large rivers as they empty into the ocean.

18. Deposition of Streams and Rivers • Alluvial fans - form when water empties into an open flood plain.

19. Earth Science Notes Ground Water

20. Hydrosphere • Term that is used to describe all of the earth’s water.

21. The Water Cycle The constant cycling of water from the hydrosphere to the atmosphere and back • Evaporation (water turning to vapor)  • condensation (water vapor turning back to water)  • precipitation (water falling back on the earth)  • runoff (movement of water over land).

22. The Water Cycle

23. Ground Water • Ground Water is apart of the water cycle just like surface water. • Ground water is accumulated by absorbing runoff.

24. Ground Water • Ground water movement • If water can move through soil it is said to be permeable. • Layers of permeable rock that allow water to move through freely are called aquifers.

25. The Aquifer

26. Ground Water The zone of saturation is the area of rock where all the pores in the rock are filled with water. • The upper layer of this zone is called the water table. • The water table is where wells are dug into. • Springs occur where the water table is close to the earth’s surface • Springs are found on a sloping surface.

27. Ground Water

28. Earth Science Notes Shorelines

29. Beaches • Beaches – deposits of sediments that are parallel to the shoreline

30. Beaches • Composition of beaches • Rock fragments – brownish colored beaches • Quartz grains – white beaches • Seashell fragments – white beaches • Basalt - black beaches

31. Varying Composition of Beaches

32. Formation of Beaches • Waves breakdown rocks, minerals and seashells down • Sediments moved by water brush over rocks smoothing them down.

33. Erosion of Beaches • Caused by currents that run parallel to the shore • Wind and runoff also cause erosion • Sand is very light and easily picked up by the wind

34. Shoreline Forces • Waves – caused by the wind • Waves that collide with the shore at slight angles produce longshore currents.

35. Shoreline Forces • Currents - moving water within a larger body of water • Ex: gulf stream

36. Shoreline Forces • Tides – caused by the pull of the moon • Out going tides carry sediment away from the shoreline

37. Shoreline Forces • Waves, Currents, and Tides contribute to erosion and contribute to the constant changing of the shoreline.

38. Shoreline Forces

39. Erosion of Beaches

40. Shoreline Features

41. Shoreline Features • Tombolo – bar connecting island with mainland or other island

42. Shoreline Features • Headland – point of high land that juts out into sea, a cape

43. Shoreline Features • Spit – load of sand that is deposited by longshore current

44. Shoreline Features • Lagoon – shallow pond that a bay becomes when cut off from the sea.

45. Shoreline Features • Barrier island

46. Shoreline Features • Bay – inlet of the sea, smaller than a gulf

47. Summary of Water Erosion • Surface Water • Runoff • Erosion: sheet / rill / stream • Stream development and deposition • Ground Water • Hydrosphere and the water cycle • The Aquifer • Beaches • Shoreline forces, erosion, and features