EQUATIONS OF MOTION: ROTATION ABOUT A FIXED AXIS (Section 17.4)

1. EQUATIONS OF MOTION: ROTATION ABOUT A FIXED AXIS (Section 17.4) Today’s Objectives: Students will be able to analyze the planar kinetics of a rigid body undergoing rotational motion. In-Class Activities: • Check homework, if any • Reading quiz • Applications • Rotation about an axis • Equations of motion • Concept quiz • Group problem solving • Attention quiz

2. READING QUIZ 1. In rotational motion, the normal component of acceleration at the body’s center of gravity (G) is always A) zero. B) tangent to the path of motion of G. C) directed from G toward the center of rotation. D) directed from the center of rotation toward G. 2. If a rigid body rotates about point O, the sum of the moments of the external forces acting on the body about point O equals A) IGa B) IOa C) m aG D) m aO

3. Pin at the center of rotation. APPLICATIONS The crank on the oil-pump rig undergoes rotation about a fixed axis, caused by the driving torque M from a motor. As the crank turns, a dynamic reaction is produced at the pin. This reaction is a function of angular velocity, angular acceleration, and the orientation of the crank. If the motor exerts a constant torque M on the crank, does the crank turn at a constant angular velocity? Is this desirable for such a machine?

4. APPLICATIONS (continued) The “Catherine wheel” is a fireworks display consisting of a coiled tube of powder pinned at its center. As the powder burns, the mass of powder decreases as the exhaust gases produce a force directed tangent to the wheel. This force tends to rotate the wheel. If the powder burns at a constant rate, the exhaust gases produce a constant thrust. Does this mean the angular acceleration is also constant? Why or why not? What is the resulting effect on the fireworks’ display?

5. EQUATIONS OF MOTION FOR PURE ROTATION When a rigid body rotates about a fixed axis perpendicular to the plane of the body at point O, the body’s center of gravity G moves in a circular path of radius rG. Thus, the acceleration of point G can be represented by a tangential component (aG)t = rG a and a normal component (aG)n = rG w2. Since the body experiences an angular acceleration, its inertia creates a moment of magnitude IGa equal to the moment of the external forces about point G. Thus, the scalar equations of motion can be stated as:  Fn = m (aG)n = m rG w2  Ft = m (aG)t = m rG a  MG = IG a

6. EQUATIONS OF MOTION (continued) Note that the MGmoment equation may be replaced by a moment summation about any arbitrary point. Summing the moment about the center of rotation O yields MO = IGa + rG m (aG) t = (IG + m (rG)2 ) a From the parallel axis theorem, IO = IG + m(rG)2, therefore the term in parentheses represents IO. Consequently, we can write the three equations of motion for the body as: Fn = m (aG) n = m rG w2 Ft = m (aG) t = m rG a MO = IO a

7. PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS Problems involving the kinetics of a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis can be solved using the following process. 1. Establish an inertial coordinate system and specify the sign and direction of (aG)n and (aG)t. 2. Draw a free body diagram accounting for all external forces and couples. Show the resulting inertia forces and couple (typicallyon a separate kinetic diagram). 3. Compute the mass moment of inertia IG or IO. 4. Write the three equations of motion and identify the unknowns. Solve for the unknowns. 5. Use kinematics if there are more than three unknowns (since the equations of motion allow for only three unknowns).

8. EXAMPLE Given: A rod with mass of 20 kg is rotating at 5 rad/s at the instant shown. A moment of 60 N·m is applied to the rod. Find: The angular acceleration a and the reaction at pin O when the rod is in the horizontal position. Plan: Since the mass center, G, moves in a circle of radius 1.5 m, it’s acceleration has a normal component toward O and a tangential component acting downward and perpendicular to rG. Apply the problem solving procedure.

9. Equations of motion: + Fn = man = mrGw2 On = 20(1.5)(5)2 = 750 N + Ft = mat = mrGa -Ot + 20(9.81) = 20(1.5)a + MO = IG a + m rG a (rG) EXAMPLE (continued) Solution: FBD & Kinetic Diagram Using IG = (ml2)/12 and rG = (0.5)(l), we can write: MO = a[(ml2/12) + (ml2/4)] = (ml2/3)a where (ml2/3) = IO. After substituting: 60 + 20(9.81)(1.5) = 20(32/3)a Solving: a = 5.9 rad/s2 Ot = 19 N

10. • q O l 1. If a rigid bar of length l (above) is released from rest in the horizontal position (q = 0), the magnitude of its angular acceleration is at maximum when A) q = 0 B) q = 90 C) q = 180 D) q = 0 and 180 CONCEPT QUIZ 2. In the above problem, when q = 90°, the horizontal component of the reaction at pin O is A) zero B) m g C) m (l/2) w2 D) None of the above.

11. GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING Given: Wdisk = 15 lb, Wrod = 10 lb, w = 8 rad/s at this instant. Find: The horizontal and vertical components of the reaction at pin O when the rod is horizontal. Plan: Draw the free body diagram and kinetic diagram of the rod and disk as one unit. Then apply the equations of motion.

12. md(3.75)(8)2 15 lb 10 lb (IG)ra (IG)da mr(1.5)(8)2 Ox = Oy mr(1.5a) md(3.75a) Equations of motion: Fx = m(aG)x: Ox = (15/32.2)(3.75)(8)2 + (10/32.2)(1.5)(8)2 Ox = 142 lb Therefore, a = 9.36 rad/s2, Oy = 4.29 lb GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued) Solution: Fy = m(aG)y: Oy –15 – 10 = -(15/32.2)(3.75a) – (10/32.2)(1.5a) MO = Ioa: 15(3.75) + 10(1.5) = [0.5(15/32.2)(0.75)2 + (15/32.2)(3.75)2 ]diska + [(1/12)(10/32.2)(3)2 + (10/32.2)(1.5)2]roda

13. m m (a) (b) T 10 lb 10 lb ATTENTION QUIZ 1. A drum of mass m is set into motion in two ways: (a) by a constant 10 lb force, and, (b) by a block of weight 10 lb. If aa and ab represent the angular acceleration of the drum in each case, select the true statement. A) aa > ab B) aa < ab C) aa = ab D) None of the above. 2. For the same problem, the tension T in the cable in case (b) is A) T = 10 lb B) T < 10 lb C) T > 10 lb D) None of the above.

14. End of the Lecture Let Learning Continue