Knowledge Management

1. Knowledge Management Katrina Spooner Stephanie Arnaud Danny McLain Andy Hoyt Landon Bahler

2. Introduction of Topics • Today we will be covering: • Knowledge Management • What it is and how we use it • An overview of Digital Library technology and its implementations • What is Meta Data and how we use it today • How we are using Digital Library Technology in the business world • Advantages and Disadvantages to Digital Library Technology • An overview of Digital Library Products • What is Fedora and DSpace?

3. What is Knowledge Management? • Many Definitions are available for this because it is a very broad subject. • One definition says Knowledge Management is “Capturing, organizing, and storing knowledge and experiences of individual workers and groups within an organization and making this information available to others in the organization.” (AIHMA) • It can also be: The collection, organization, analysis, and sharing of information held by workers and groups within an organization. (World Wide Learning) • Our project focuses on Knowledge management and how it is evolving into Digital Library technology

4. Digital Library Technology • According to Sun Microsystems Digital Library Technology is defined as: The Electronic Extension of functions users typically perform and the resources they access in a traditional library. • Instead of going to a typical library with hardcopy books, people are starting to use information databases and web technology to get the information they need at a much faster and more efficient rate. • It is essentially bringing the library to your personal computers and we will discuss its implementation and how it helps users like us later on in our presentation

5. History of Digital Library Technology • Digital Library Technology has been evolving since the early 1990’s but it was largely experimental. • The U.S National Science Foundation (NSF) and the U.K Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) did much of the research for DL Technology in the early nineties. (SunMicro Systems) • They had three main goals for their program: • 1. Create new technology, which users could find, deliver and exploit. • 2. Assemble information that was not otherwise accessible or useable due to technical barriers, distance, size, and other limits. • 3. Evaluate the impact of this new technology. (SMS)

6. History Continued • In 1991, the World Wide Web was released. And it was not until 1995 that the Internet became very commercialized. By 2000, the Internet had exceeded their expectations with over 1 billion index able pages. • Search engines such as Google and Yahoo provide a searchable index of internet resources. These are broad examples of digital libraries and more detailed descriptions will be discussed in our presentation. • There are also other specialized search resources to help find certain content on the internet however much of the Digital Library technology is being used in companies to create networks and store data that is accessible to the companies employees. • Cited from Sun Micro Systems

7. National Science Digital Library (NSDL) • Created by the National Science Foundation as part of the Digital Libraries Initiative. • Offers reputable sources on Science, Engineering, Techology, and Mathematics that is searchable from one location. • Information is added to the collection through a review process. It is cataloged, but the resources are not in one place. http://nsdl.org/resources_for/first_time_users/index.php?pager=faq

8. Wikis • A wiki provides a collaborative environment where individuals can contribute, edit, and review content. • Anyone can edit the information or create new information. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki • Wikipedia is a great example • There is software to create wikis such as TWiki in a corporate environment. http://twiki.org/

11. Metadata • Information about a file or other data • Important for searching resources in a digital library • Can be stored in the resource itself or in an external database. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata • Examples: ID3 Tags for MP3s, Information embedded in digital camera files

12. Internally Store Metadata

13. Externally Stored Metadata

14. Metadata Harvesting • A mechanism through which metadata can be shared between different systems • OAI-PMH created by the Open Archives Initiative is a major protocol for exchanging metadata consisting of a metadata repository and a harvester. http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.html • The National Science Digital Library uses OAI-PMH to answer requests from harvesters from other services. http://www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/Arms-et-al-LibraryHiTech.pdf

15. Digital Library Technology in the Business World Businesses are rapidly increasing their use of DL technology because it is helping them to be more efficient. All the information they need is at their fingertips, which makes sharing company information much faster. Companies can create private or public networks to store information and make it available to the appropriate users. This allows employees of companies to share important information to many users and helps to control who is accessing the data.

16. Businesses need to be able to deliver rich digital content, and this is why digital library technology is so important. It takes the content from the company and organizes it so that it is available to users in a manageable way. It also allows users to search for the information they need quickly using metadata. • In AIS, Digital Libraries are used to spread new knowledge to a mass group by publishing articles on the Information System. It also provides free software which companies can use and then change to create exactly what they need. This saves time and money for companies because much of the research and development of these systems has already occurred.

17. For example, a Digital Library (DL) for business can be viewed as a means of doing Knowledge Management in a linked economy. Consider a scenario like this: • A business consultant has knowledge about cost-saving ways of complying with international tax rules on transfer pricing. She is persuaded to become an author, to make her knowledge explicit, and to place it in the DL. It is in her interest to do this, because the DL software protects her rights, and pays royalties. So, from her point of view, the DL is a safe and efficient way of delivering her knowledge to customers. She sees her investment in knowledge repaid in more ways than she would get by traditional methods alone. (Walker)

18. Additional Advantages of DL Technology in Business • Digital Library technology has benefited businesses by making them more successful and accessible. By having the power to store data and access it at any time, users have been able to gain knowledge at an increasingly rapid rate. • Storing data and extracting it has become a much easier and more manageable task for content managers. • New programs are always being created and adopted by companies to help increase efficiency and specialize the software to their needs.

19. Disadvantage of DL Technology in Business There is really only one disadvantage to implementing a Digital Library within a business. Unfortunately, it is very expensive and time consuming to create one of these systems. “The funding issue is probably the single largest barrier to digital library development.” (SMS)

20. The Uses of a Digital Library for Individuals • You can gain access to the holdings of libraries worldwide through automated catalogs. • You are able to locate both physical and digitized versions of scholarly articles and books. • You can optimize searches, simultaneously search the Internet, commercial databases, and library collections. • You can save search results and conduct additional processing to narrow or qualify results. • From search results, you can click through to access the digitized content or locate additional items of interest. Sun Microsystems. Digital Library Technology Trends. (2002) Available

21. FEDORA • What is it? • Where did it come from? • What is its goal? • What does it do? • How does it work? Flexible Extensible Digital Object and Repository Architecture

22. FEDORA • What is it? - Fedora is open source software that is a distributed repository service that can serve as a fundamental component in an open digital library infrastructure. • Where did it come from? - Cornell University Information Science and the University of Virginia Library’s research and development team jointly developed Fedora. • What is the goal of Fedora? -The goal of the Fedora project is to provide open source repository software and related services to serve as the foundation for many types of information management systems. -The FEDORA architecture is designed to enable interoperability by three means: (1) supporting the aggregation of heterogeneous, distributed content, (2) providing a means for attaching extensible behaviors to a digital object, and (3) providing a mechanism for associating externally-supplied rights enforcement mechanisms with the digital object to protect intellectual content. (http://www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/ADL98/dar-adl.html) (www.fedora.info/)

23. FEDORA • What does it do? -It operates with other service modules that support searching, information discovery, name resolution, and rights management. • How does it work? -Distributed Active Relationships (DARs) are the basis for implementing Fedora components called "Interfaces" and "Enforcers" which are linked to Digital Objects. Interfaces define relationships and behaviors, and are attached to Digital Objects to enable them to produce various outputs of their content packages. Enforcers are a special type of Interface that protect the intellectual content in a Digital Object. (http://www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/ADL98/dar-adl.html) (www.fedora.info/)

24. DSpace • What is it? • How does it work? • What is a DSpace community? • What kind of documents does DSpace store?

25. DSpace • What is it? - DSpace was developed by MIT Libraries and Hewlett-Packard - DSpace is a digital repository system that captures, stores, indexes, preserves, and distributes digital research material. • How does it work? - DSpace manages and distributes digital items, made up of digital files (or “bitstreams”), and allows you to create, index, and search associated metadata to locate and retrieve the items. It's designed to support the long-term preservation of the digital material stored in the repository. DSpace is also designed to make submission easy: DSpace Communities (such as departments, labs, and centers) can customize the system to meet their individual needs and manage the submission process themselves. http://libraries.mit.edu/dspace-mit/) (

26. DSpace • What is a DSpace community? (http://libraries.mit.edu/dspace-mit/)

27. DSpace • What kind of content does DSpace store? -Documents, such as articles, preprints, working papers, technical reports, or conference papers -Books -Theses -Data sets -Computer programs -Visualizations, simulations, and other models -Multimedia publications -Books -Bibliographic datasets -Images -Audio files -Video files -Learning objects -Web pages (http://libraries.mit.edu/dspace-mit/)

28. Conclusion • Knowledge Management • Digital Library Technology and its implementations • What Meta Data is and how we use it today • How Digital Library Technology is used in the business world • Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Library Technology • Digital Library Products such as Fedora and DSpace

29. QUESTIONS???

30. SOURCES • AIHMA. Knowledge Management (2002) Available: http://library.ahima.org/ • Fedora: Fedora Open Source Repository Software. (2005) Available: http://www.fedora.info/documents/WhitePaper/FedoraWhitePaper.pdf • MIT Libraries. (April 28, 2006) DSpace. Available: http://www.dspace.org/ • http://www.fedorafaq.org/#nextversion • NISO: Understanding Metadata.(2001). Available: • http://www.niso.org/standards/resources/UnderstandingMetadata.pdf • Sun Microsystems. Digital Library Technology Trends. (2002) Available: http://www.sun.com/products-n-solutions/edu/whitepapers/pdf/digital_library_trends.pdf • Walker, Adrien. (1998) The Internet Knowledge Manager, Dynamic Digital Libraries, and Agents You can Understand. Available: http://www.dlib.org/dlib/march98/walker/03walker.html • http://nsdl.org/resources_for/first_time_users/index.php?pager=faq • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metadata • http://www.cs.cornell.edu/lagoze/papers/Arms-et-al-LibraryHiTech.pdf • http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/openarchivesprotocol.html • www.fedora.info/) • http://libraries.mit.edu/dspace-mit/)