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Anatomy Review

Anatomy Review. Part III: the Knee, Ankle, & Foot. Jan McElroy PT, MS, PCS 2009 Do not copy without permission. Knee. Knee: skeletal system. Overview. The knee joint connects: the femur superiorly to the Tibia and fibula inferiorly

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Anatomy Review

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  1. Anatomy Review Part III: the Knee, Ankle, & Foot Jan McElroy PT, MS, PCS 2009 Do not copy without permission

  2. Knee

  3. Knee: skeletal system

  4. Overview The knee joint connects: the femur superiorly to the Tibia and fibula inferiorly Knee movements are primarily in the sagittal plane: flexion & extension Patella (or knee cap) Femur Fibula Tibia Anterior view Right knee

  5. Femur: landmarks Medial condyle Lateral condyle Intercondylar fossa Medial epicondyle Lateral epicondyle Patellar surface Left Femur- Posterior view Left Femur- Anterior view

  6. Tibia & fibula: landmarks Medial condyle Lateral condyle Tuberosity Tibial plateau Head of the fibula TIBIA FIBULA Right knee Anterior view Right knee - Posterior view

  7. Knee: muscular system

  8. Quadriceps(rectus femoris, vastusmedialis, vastuslateralis, vastusintermedialis Anterior muscles of the Knee Note: The rectus femoris is the only muscle of the quadriceps group that crossed both the hip and the knee. Referred to as a “2 joint muscle”. Anterior view right thigh From: Novartis Interactive Atlas, Frank Netter artist

  9. Hamstrings • Biceps femoris • Semitendinosus • semimembranosus Note: All of the hamstrings cross both the hip joint and the knee joint. They are all referred to as “2 joint muscles”. Posterior muscles of knee Posterior view right thigh

  10. Gastrocnemius • Lateral head • Medial head Note: The gastrocnemius crosses both the knee and the ankle making it a “2 joint muscle”. Posterior muscles of knee Posterior view right thigh

  11. Ankle & Foot

  12. Ankle & Foot: skeletal system

  13. Overview The distal end of the fibula forms the lateral malleolus The distal end of the tibia forms the medial malleolus Anterior view Right foot & ankle

  14. Overview The foot is divided into 3 general regions: Tibia Fibula Midfoot Forefoot Hindfoot Lateral view Right foot & ankle

  15. Hindfoot The Hindfoot consist of 2 bones: Calcaneus (heel bone) & Talus Tibia Fibula Hindfoot Lateral view Right foot & ankle

  16. midfoot The midfoot consists of 5 small bones: Navicular Cuboid & 3 Cuneiforms These 5 bones of the midfoot are called Tarsals Superior view Left foot

  17. forefoot The forefoot consists of: 5 Metatarsals (first thru 5th) & 5 proximal phalanges & 4 middle phalanges (the “big toe” only has a proximal and a distal…no middle phalange) & 5 distal phalanges

  18. Joints of the foot Talocrural joint (ankle joint) tibia, fibula, talus Subtalar joint talus, calcaneus Midtarsal joint calcaneocuboid, talonavicular Tarsometatarsal joints Metatarsophalangeal joints

  19. Ankle & Foot: muscular system

  20. Anterior lower leg Tibialis Anterior (commonly called the anterior tib) Peroneuslongus Extensor digitorum longus(digitorum refers to the digits or “toes”) Anterior view Right leg From: Novartis Interactive Atlas, Frank Netter artist

  21. Posterior lower leg Gastrocnemius (often called the “gastroc”) Achilles tendon (also called the “heel cord”) Soleus Note: though the gastroc and soleus both insert into the achilles tendon, the soleus only crosses the ankle joint…while the gastroc is a 2 joint muscle crossing both the knee and the ankle. Posterior view Right leg From: Novartis Interactive Atlas, Frank Netter artist

  22. Recommended References: Atlas of Human Anatomy, Frank Netter McMinn’s Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Abrahams, Hutchings, & Marks Kinesiology of the Musculoskeletal System, Donald Neumann Anatomy Coloring Book, Kapit & Elson

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