Biology Review Chart

1. Biology Review Chart 2011-2012

2. Science Processes • Compare & Contrast the following terms & give an example of each: • Quantitative v. qualitative • Hypothesis v. theory • Write a definition for the following terms: • Inference • Science • Explain why scientists need to measure with accuracy & precision. • List the steps of the scientific method.

3. Characteristics of Life • List the 10 characteristics an object must possess to be considered an organism

4. Ecology • Define the following terms & give an example of each: • Predation • Parasitism • Commensalism • Mutualism • Competition • Compare & contrast the following terms: • Food Chain • Food Web • List the levels of ecology.

5. Ecology (continued) • Summarize what happens in the two types of succession. • Explain logistic growth and what keeps a population from growing infinitely. • Draw an energy, biomass, & numbers pyramid. Include labels for each level. • Sketch a food chain using the following organisms: killer whale, phytoplankton, seal, shrimp, fish. Label producers & consumers.

6. Biochemistry • For each type of macromolecule (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) list the following: • Monomers (building blocks) • Examples • Function • How you would identify a diagram of that molecule? What elements, functional groups or shapes would you see? • ENZYMESare proteins which act as catalysts. They speed up reactions in your body by lowering the activation energy. • Substrates bind to the active site on enzymes. • Dehydration synthesis bonds monomers to make polymers by removing water. Copy:

7. Cells & Cell Parts • Copy the chart:

8. Cells & Cell Parts (continued) • Copy the chart:

9. Cell Energy & Transport • Cell Membrane: • Function – acts as a selectively permeable boundary around the cell. • Structure – composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins “gates” • Passive transport (no energy required!) • List the 3 types of passive transport & briefly explain. • Active Transport – requires __________– moves substances against the concentration gradient from _____to ______concentrations

10. Cell Energy & Transport (cont.) • ATP Molecule (A) adenosine (B) ribose (C/D) phosphate • ATP is the energy molecule made from cell respiration. • Energy is release when a phosphate group is released.

11. Cell Cycle & Division • The cell cycle is important to the growth of organisms because it allows for growth from a single, fertilized egg & also repair of the organism. • Interphase- G1, S, & G2; resting stage • Prophase- preparation phase • Metaphase- chromosomes line up in the middle • Anaphase- chromosome separate & move away to the poles • Telophase- two new daughter cells produced • The cell cycle can lead to cancer if disrupted.

12. Cell Cycle & Division (continued) • Draw & label the diagram

13. DNA Structure & Replication • Building blocks of DNA- ___________________ • Contain ______________ sugar • _______________ • A __________ base • Shape of DNA molecule- ___________ _________ • Discovered by _________ & _________ • ________ made the observation that in each organism, the amount of adenine equaled thymine, and the amount of guanine equaled cytosine. • Base pairing rule states adenine pairs with _______ & guanine goes with _________. • Bonds • Between sugar & phosphate= ______________ • Between nitrogen bases= __________________ Copy!

14. DNA Structure & Replication (continued) • The process of making a copy of DNA is _______________ • Simplified Steps of Replication: • DNA double helix ______________. • An enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between the bases. The name for this process is called _________________. • DNA Polymerase enzyme brings _______ _____________ to attach to the exposed bases. • Two identical double helixes are complete. • Write the strand that would be formed if the DNA template read C A T T A G GGA.

15. Protein Synthesis TRANSCRIPTION 1. Helicase: unwinds DNA helix • RNA Polymerase: finds and matches RNA nucleotides to DNA. *64 different codons, but only 20 amino acids. TRANSLATION • A codon is a (messenger) mRNA nucleotide triplet. (ex. AUG) • The order of bases in a codon determines an amino acid. • Transfer RNA or tRNA , carries amino acids to the ribosome. • The tRNA has an anticodon, which is a three nucleotide sequence, which are complementary to mRNA codons.

16. Protein Synthesis (continued) AAAARGH!!! Transcribe: TAC TTT ATC DNA ___ ___ ___ mRNA ___ ___ ___ Amino Acid Translate: ___ ___ ___ tRNA MUTATIONS- Random alterations in DNA • Point Mutation – a single base is changed to another AUG AAA UAG AUG AAG UAG Neutral mutation (AAA & AAG are both lysine) • Frameshift– a deletion or addition of a base that may significantly change the function of a protein. This changes every codon after the deletion or insertion. AUG AAA UAG AUG AAU AG Have you seen this pirate?

17. Mendelian Genetics • Define the following terms: • Gregor Mendel • Gene • Allele • Homozygous • Heterozygous • Genotype • Phenotype • Gamete • Dominant • Recessive • A man who is heterozygous for free earlobes marries a woman who has attached earlobes. Free ears=E attached=e What would be the genotypic ratio for their offsping? (Draw Punnett square!)

18. MendelianGenetics (continued) • Practice the FOIL method to determine the possible gamete combinations for the following parental genotypes. -RrYy= _____ -FFBb= ______ -ttGG=______ • Work out the genotype ratio for the cross between 2 parents who are RrYy & RrYY.

19. Non-mendelian Genetics • Incomplete Dominance: There is no dominant or recessive, the heterozygous condition results in a "blending" of the two traits. • Codominance: Both alleles in the heterozygote express themselves fully. • Multiple Alleles: A gene that has more than two possible alleles, though only two alleles are present at a time. Ex. Blood types Solve the Punnett Squares: • Black and White alleles are co-dominant and create speckled offspring. What would be the phenotype ratio of the cross between two speckled chickens? B= Black, W = White, BW = Speckled • Hemophilia is a sex linked characteristic. A normal woman who is not a carrier for hemophilia marries a man with hemophilia. The couple are expecting a baby boy. What is the percent chance that the boy will have hemophilia?

20. Non-mendelian Genetics (cont.) • A ________ is a picture of the chromosomes that an individual has. It shows the ______of the person with XX being a ____and XY being a ___. It can also show genetic abnormalities. A normal human will have __chromosomes or ___pairs. • A _________chart shows the relationship within a family of a single trait. • In a pedigree, squares represent: _________ • In a pedigree, circles represent: _________ • In a pedigree, roman numerals represent: _______________

21. Evolution • Evolution - change in an organism over time • VestigalOrgan - organ that serves no useful function in an organism • Natural Selection -concept in which only those organisms best suited to the environment get to survive; survival of the fittest • Homologous Structure -structures that have different mature forms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues • Common Descent - principle that all living things have a common ancestor • Theory- well supported testable explanation that unifies a broad range of observations • Adaptation- inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival • Descent with Modification - principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time

22. Evolution (continued) • Fitness- ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment • Speciation - formation of a new species The Scientists: • ______: The earth was millions not thousands of years old. • _________: If pop’s grow unchecked, sooner or later they will run out of resources • _______:Through the use or disuse of organs, organisms acquired or lost certain traits in their lifetime • ______:Scientists should use current processes to explain past events in geology. • _______:Book titled: “On the Origin of Species” Considered the father of evolution. Studied in Galapagos Islands Hutton Malthus Lamarck Lyell Darwin

23. Taxonomy • __________- the field of Biology that identifies and classifies organisms. • _____ ______: “two-word” naming system used to identify organisms. • Scientific Name -consists of a _____name and a ______name. • Write homo sapiens in the correct format. • _________-Developed the classification system in mid 1700’s. • List the Levels of Classification • Phylogeny- evolutionary relationships among organisms • __________-A tool used for identifying organisms by using specific observable traits of the organism.

24. Kingdoms • Fill out the chart below

25. Viruses • Viruses- microscopic particles that invade cells and destroy them. -A virus is NOT a cell and isNOT living. -Made of genetic material in a protein coat • Two Main Parts: Genetic Material & Protein Coat- Also called a capsid (encloses the viral genome) • Not living because they: • have no cells • can’t use energy • can’t make proteins • can’t reproduce on their own

26. Viruses (continued) Basic Steps of a Viral Infection • A________ to host • I________ viral DNA or RNA • M_______ viral parts within host cell • A________ viral genome inside protein coat • R________ virus from ruptured cell _______ Cycle –new viruses causes the cell to burst (or “lyses”), releasing newly made viruses that will infect other cells _________ Cycle – Viral DNA becomes part of the cell’s DNA and then replicates along with the cell. (does NOT cause the cell to burst right away) Viral infections include:

27. Micro-organisms Archaebacteria Eubacteria Prokaryotic Unicellular Cell wall w/ peptidoglycan Motility w/ flagella Autotroph or heterotroph Live everywhere! Include coccus, bacillus, and spirilla shapes. • Prokaryotic • Unicellular • Cell wall w/o peptidoglycan • Motility w/ flagella • Autotroph or heterotroph • Live in extreme environments • Include methanogens, halophiles & thermoacidophiles Protista Fungi • Eukaryotic • Unicellular or multicellular • Some w/ cell wall • Motility w/ flagella, cilia or pseudopods • Autotroph or heterotroph • Eukaryotic • Unicellular yeast; the rest multicellular • cell wall made of chitin • Non-motile • Heterotroph

28. Micro-organisms (continued) • Bacteria reproduce in 3 ways: • Binary Fission, Conjugation, Spore Formation • Importance of Bacteria: Decomposers, Nitrogen Fixation, Photosynthesis, Oil spill clean up, Digestion aid and vitamin production, Foods-cheese and yogurt, Cause disease- Tuberculosis, Strep throat • Importance of Fungi: antibiotics (penicillin), Eaten- bleu cheese, baking – yeast, diseases include ring worm and athletes foot. attack and destroy crops • Three types of Protists- animal like, plant like, fungus like