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Biology Review

Biology Review. Study of life. Prefixes/Suffixes. Hetero- – different Hetero zygous Homo- – same Homo zygous Hydro- – water Hydro ponic Pseudo- – false Pseudo pod Lys-, Lyso -, - Lyse – Split Lyso some , Hydro lysi s a-, an- - without An aerobic

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Biology Review

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  1. Biology Review Study of life

  2. Prefixes/Suffixes Hetero- – different Heterozygous Homo- – same Homozygous Hydro- – water Hydroponic Pseudo- – false Pseudopod Lys-, Lyso-, -Lyse – Split Lysosome, Hydrolysis a-, an- - without Anaerobic - pod, -ped – foot Gastropod - philia – love of Hydrophilic, Philadelphia - phobia – fear of Arachnophobia - Cyto – cell Cytochrome Chrom, chromo Chromatophore logy – study of Biology zoo, zoa – animal Protozoa

  3. To be an Organism (living) • It must react to environment • It must use energy • It be made of cells • It must reproduce • It must grow and develop • Homeostasis= all 5 conditions met and vital signs are stable

  4. The Cell • Cells are made up of Macromolecules • Prokaryotes (bacteria) have no membrane organelles • Eukaryotes (plants and animals) have membrane organelles

  5. Macromolecules • Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids • Monomers- smaller unit building block • Polymers -repeated chain of monomers • Dehydration synthesis- building (makes water) • Hydrolysis- cutting up (water incorporated)

  6. Carbohydrates Elements present C, H, O Monomer-Monosaccharide Ex. glucose Polymer-Polysaccharide Ex. Cellulose Nutrition- Fast energy source

  7. Lipids Elements present- C, H, O Monomer fatty acids Polymers triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids Nutrition Energy storage

  8. Proteins Elements present- C, H, O, N, S Monomer- amino acids ex. Glycine Polymer- Polypeptides (protein) Nutrition Main building blocks of your body tissues Enzymes Catalyst Specific to reactions

  9. Nucleic Acids Elements present- C,H,O, N, P Monomer nucleotide Polymer DNA and RNA Nutrition- Components for energy storage and info storage ATP Energy currency- make and break phosphate bonds

  10. The Cell

  11. Organelles • Nucleus • control center • Cell membrane • outside barrier controlling what enters and exits • Cell wall • rigid outer layer providing structure • Cytoskeleton • support • Cytoplasm • thick, clear liquid holding organelles.

  12. Organelles • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum • make and process lipids (detoxifies) • Rough endoplasmic reticulum • Channels covered with ribosomes used in the synthesis and processing of proteins • Golgi apparatus • Stacked membranes with vesicles used for secretion • Ribosome • responsible for protein synthesis • Lysosome • Digest materials

  13. Organelles • Mitochondria • energy production • Cilia/flagellum • hair/tail-like projection used for movement • Vacuole • storage • Chloroplast- • photosynthesis • Centrioles- • Used in animal cell reproduction

  14. Membrane Transport Passive transport- NO energy Active Transport- energy Ion pump- low to high Endocytosis- intake large material in vesicles Exocytosis-release large material in vesicles • Diffusion- high to low • Osmosis- water • Facilitated Diffusion- High to low through transport protein

  15. Photosynthesis • CO2 + H2OC6H12O6 + O2

  16. Cellular Respiration • C6H12O6 + O2CO2 + H2O

  17. Cell Life Cycle

  18. Cell Reproduction Mitosis- body cells Meiosis- sex cells Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II 4 cells - half the # of chromosomes • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase • 2 cells -exact copies

  19. Genetics • -genes determine the physical appearance of organisms and the proteins that their cells manufacture • Phenotype – what an organism “looks” like. Proteins that are made • Genotype – an organism’s combination of alleles – what it got from it’s parents. • Heterozygous –different version of each gene from parents. Generally show the dominant trait. Aa • Homozygous – got two of the same version of a gene…one from each parent these individuals either show the recessive trait or the dominant trait. AA or aa

  20. Genetics • Chromosomes (made of DNA) are the unit of heredity (genetics) • Central Dogma- DNARNAProtein • Any change to the DNA is a mutation • ATTCG • ATCG – deletion • ATTGCG – addition • ATTGG- substitution

  21. Evolution • Change over time • Caused by natural selection • Strongest/smartest survive and have the most kids • “good” traits are passed on and dominate

  22. Evidence • Fossils • Homologous structures- similar internal structures different external appearance • Vestigial Structures- left over structures • Embryology- similar development • DNA • Controlled Experiments- bacteria

  23. Ecology • Interaction in nature • Biotic- living • Abiotic- nonliving • If you change one part of the environment something else will have to change in response • We are all connected

  24. Succession in an ecosystem moves to the CLIMAX COMMUNITY for that SPECIFIC area - in temperate forest, this is forest. In grassland, it would be…grass. Abiotic factors are non-living or once living – rain, rocks, fallen logs, wind Biotic factors are LIVING – animals, plants, moss, plankton Ecology – study of the interaction of organisms and their environment Organism – one member of a species Population- every member of a single species in an area Community- all LIVING things in an area (BIOTA) Ecosystem –all living and non living components in an area (BIOTA and ABIOTA) Biosphere – all the ecosystems on earth Organisms can only live within a range of conditions that we refer to as the TOLERANCE RANGE.

  25. Biomes of the world • a biome is a land area that has certain characteristics • Temperate deciduous forest – our biome. 4 seasons. Moderate rainfall. Mostly broadleaf trees • Taiga-The swampy coniferous forest of high northern latitudes, esp. that between the tundra and steppes of Siberia and North America. • Tundra - essentially a desert-very little rainfall >10” 2 seasons – cold and warm • soil is frozen year round – PERMAFROST. Plants are generally small • Desert – very little rainfall >10” poor soil. Reptiles / insects dominate the animal • life. Plants are water storers, and generally protected by spines, poisons, etc • Rainforest – lots of rainfall <200” per year in some locations. Lush plant growth • Temperate-latitudes like ours Tropical-located between the tropics • Grasslands- less rainfall than temperate deciduous forests, frequent fires. Seasonal rainfall is common with distinct wet and dry seasons. A.K.A. Prarie, veldt, pampas, steppe

  26. Life forms • Kingdoms • Animals • Plants • Fungi • Protist • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria

  27. Plants • Plants carry out photosynthesis

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