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Body Plans

008a. Body Plans. The Animal Kingdom

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Body Plans

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  1. 008a Body Plans

  2. The Animal Kingdom Though there is great diversity in the animal kingdom, animals can be distinguished from the other kingdoms by a set of characteristics. Though other types of life may share some of these characteristics, the set of characteristics as a whole provide a distinction from the other kingdoms.

  3. Animals are multicellular. Animals are heterotrophic, obtaining their energy by consuming energy-releasing food substances. Animals typically reproduce sexually. Animals are made up of cells that do not have cell walls. Animals are capable of motion in some stage of their lives. Animals are able to respond quickly to external stimuli as a result of nerve cells, muscle or contractile tissue, or both.

  4. Animal Body Plans

  5. Criteria for Evolutionary Development & Classification Cellular organization Symmetry Coelom Digestive system Segmentation Cephalization

  6. Kingdom Animalia • Symmetry • Unorganized • Radial • Bilateral • Cellular organization • Tissues, organs, systems

  7. Kingdom Animalia coelom digestive tube • Coelom • Body cavity or not • Digestive system • None, 1 or 2 openings, how

  8. Kingdom Animalia • Segmentation • Repetition of body parts • Cephalization • Development of a “head end”

  9. Phylogentic Relationships of Animals Platyhelminthes Porifera Mollusca Chordata Arthropoda Annelida Cnideria Nematoda Echinodermata pseudocoelom segmentation acoelom Protostome: schizocoelem Deuterostomes: eucoelom radial symmetry bilateral symmetry no true tissues true tissue Ancestral Protist

  10. Early Embryonic Development of an Animal

  11. Major Stages of Animal Development • gametogenesis • fertilization • cleavage • blastula • gastrulation • differentiation and morphogenesis

  12. Hypothetical Scheme for the Origin of Multicellularity in Animals

  13. Protostome vs Deuterostome Blastula • Protostome: blastopore becomes mouth • Deuterostome: blastopore becomes anus Blastopore

  14. What is a Phylum?

  15. Some Examples of Animal Phyla • Phylum Cnidaria • sea anemones, corals, jellyfish, man-of-wars & hydroids • Phylum Mollusca • snails, slugs, chitons, clams, oysters, octopods & squids • Phylum Arthropoda • spiders, scorpions, crabs, shrimp, insects & centipedes • Phylum Echinodermata • sea stars, sea urchins, sea cucumbers & sea lilies • Phylum Chordata • sea squirts, fish, amphibian, reptiles, birds & mammals

  16. Major Body Plan Characteristics of Animals • Symmetry • Primary Germ Layers • Gut Organization • Body Cavity • Segmentation • Skeletal Systems • Circulatory Systems • Appendages • Coloniality

  17. Symmetry • Asymmetry • Radial Symmetry • Bilateral Symmetry

  18. Symmetry Bilateral Symmetry Radial Symmetry

  19. Radial Symmetry JellyfishPhylum Cnidaria

  20. Pentamerous Radial Symmetry Sea StarsPhylum Echinodermata

  21. Bilateral Symmetry SlugPhylum Mollusca

  22. Bilateral Symmetry SquidPhylum Mollusca

  23. Primary Germ Layers Mesoderm • None • Diploblastic • Triploblast gut Ectoderm Endoderm

  24. Fates of the Primary Germ Layers • Ectoderm • hair, nails, epidermis, brain, nerves • Mesoderm • notochord (in chordates), dermis, blood vessels, heart, bones, cartilage, muscle • Endoderm • internal lining of the gut and respiratory pathways, liver, pancreas

  25. The Formation of Primary Germ Layers

  26. The Formation of Primary Germ Layers

  27. Germ Layer Patterns Endoderm Diploblastic gut Ectoderm

  28. Diploblastic- two germ layers Phylum Cnidaria

  29. Germ Layer Patterns Mesoderm Triploblastic: 3 germ layers gut Ectoderm Endoderm acoelomate

  30. Gut Organization • No Gut • Blind Sac Gut • Complete Gut

  31. No Gut SpongesPhylum Porifera

  32. No Gut SpongesPhylum Porifera

  33. Blind Sac Gut Phylum Cnidaria

  34. Complete Gut

  35. Segmentation

  36. Segmentation CentipedePhylum Arthropoda

  37. Segmentation LobsterPhylum Arthropoda

  38. Skeleton

  39. Functions of the Skeleton • supports basic body form • protection of soft internal tissues and organs • facilitates locomotion

  40. Skeleton • Hydrostatic Skeletons • Hard Skeletons • Exoskeletons • Endoskeletons

  41. Hydrostatic Skeleton Sea AnemonePhylum Cnidaria

  42. Hydrostatic Skeleton: • A non compressible fluid held under pressure in a closed body compartment. • Uses antagonistic muscles for movement. • The gastrovascular cavity of the jellyfish acts as hydrostatic skeleton against which contractile cells can work.

  43. Hydrostatic Skeleton EarthwormPhylum Annelida

  44. Exoskeleton ChitonPhylum Mollusca

  45. Exoskeleton Stony CoralPhylum Cnidaria

  46. Endoskeletons Vertebrates Phylum Chordata

  47. Types of Appendages

  48. Functions of Appendages • locomotion • feeding • sensory • protection

  49. Tentacles Sea AnemonePhylum Cnidaria

  50. Jointed Appendages Bee Appendages Phylum Arthropoda

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