THE INDUSTREAL REVOLUTION

1. THE INDUSTREAL REVOLUTION Collin Duggan & Will Summerall

2. What Was the Industrial Revolution? • It was a period of rapid growth with breakthroughs in water powered machines and high production. • Hand powered machines were not efficient enough to fill large orders so a man named Richard Arkwright came up with a revolutionary idea • His design would allow 1 machine to do the work of 50 people

3. The Idea • He created a wheel with boards of wood that would catch the water and turn a master axle called a vertical shaft, this puts the whole operation in motion. One of these water wheel inventions could power an entire textile mill.

4. Water Power Textile Mill

5. 4-02 Eli Whitney and Interchangeable Parts BY: Noah Silverman & Joey john

6. Eli Whitney • was born in Westboro, Massachusetts, in 1765 • Was poor, but earned enough money to go to Yale university • Moved to Georgia after college • Saw how much work it took to pick each piece of cotton • Invented the cotton gin, which increased the efficiency of picking the cotton • Also invented a machine powered by water to help with the production of guns

7. Interchangeable Parts • In the 1790’s, the United States government worried about a possible war with France, demand for guns rose • Most manufacturing was done by hand, this process took a long time • Gun makers could not satisfy government demands • Factories needed more advanced technology • 1798 Eli Whitney attempted to address the problem with gun making speed • Whitney made interchangeable parts, which helped with the speed of gun production • Interchangeable Parts- parts of a machine that are identical • This made it easier to fix broken machinery and assemble new ones • Whitney promised 10,000 muskets in two years to the government • Interchangeable parts sped up mass production • Mass Production- is the efficient production of a large number of identical parts

8. Works cited Alter, Judy. Eli Whitney. New York: F. Watts, 1990. Print. "The Cotton Gin and Eli Whitney." About.com Inventors. Web. 02 Apr. 2013 "Whitney, Eli (1765–1825)." American Eras. Vol. 4: Development of a Nation, 1783- 1815. Detroit: Gale, 1997. 393. U.S. History In Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. Google Images

9. 4-3 Labor Unions Aman Reddy, Solen Williams, Justin Lamb

10. Information During the 1800s factories started to spread. They made quickly and at a low priced goods. With that, there was competition , so factories had to hire even more workers and pay them less. This made the craftspeople feel threatened. To make matters worse, in the 1840s immigrants flooded from the poorer countries , and competed for jobs. They agreed for a smaller wage. This led to many locals losing their jobs. As immigration got bigger, more of the immigrants went to the north – east, and competed for jobs at mills. One time it got so bad, in 1837, New York, there was so much competition over jobs and estimated 50,000 people lost their jobs. All of these problems threatened the local Craftspeople. This is shown in one worker, Shoemaker William Frazier. He claimed that “ We had to sit in our seats from twelve to sixteen hours per day , to earn one dollar” After facing low wages and worrying about losing their jobs, skilled workers started to form Trade Unions. These were groups that tried to improve the paying and the working conditions of factories. Soon enough, the unskilled workers started to form trade unions too. Unfortunately, employees did not to hire Trade Union people, because they were afraid this would affect the competition negatively. Other times labor unions would start strikes. During a strike, the unions would refuse to work until they got whet they wanted. Most strikes were unsuccessful, and police and judges would usually support the factories instead of the Union members. One important person in the union, that helped significantly was millworker Sarah G. Bagley. She founded the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association in 1844. Their main purpose was to influence an investigation on the working conditions in the Maryland factories from the state legislator, and to have 10-hour maximum workday. They also handed out pamphlets and petition for this and to spread the awareness of what was happening in factories. By 1840 they obtained a 10-hour work day from President Martin Van Buren. But Sarah thought this was unfair, because to rule only applied to public work forces, she wanted then for private workers too, who worked 12-14 hours daily six times a week. Luckily for them, many people supported the 10 hour work day campaign. Even though business owners did not support this. By 1845, she was elected the vice president of the New England Working Men’s Association. This was an amazing feat for her since she was the first woman to hold this high position. Ever since then the union began to get more victories. They also managed to pass the 10-hour workday law in Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and a few others. Outside, in the non -10 hour work day states, where they worked for 10 hours, life was still rough. In these factories, even children were working. One witness explained the horror in this as they said “Children were summoned by the factory bell by daylight” and worked until eight O’ clock and “with nothing but a forty five minute recess to get their dinner. The Union started to work on this problem next +

11. Works Cited James, Edward. Notable American Woman 1607-1950. Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1975. Print. Arnesen, Eric, and Christine Tomassini. "Labor and Labor Unions." Encyclopedia of African-American Culture and History. Ed. Colin A. Palmer. 2nd ed. Vol. 3. Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA, 2006. 1252-1257. U.S. History In Context. Web. 3 Apr. 2013. Deverell, William. “Workers Organize.” United States History Beginnings to 1877. Vol. 1, Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2007. Print. All images: Google Images

12. 4-04The Steamboat By: Taylor Polinsky and Alex Higgins

13. What is a steamboat? • A steamboat is a boat that runs off an engine, instead of using wind to repel • Engine produces steam • Used mainly on lakes and rivers Book

14. Robert Fulton • Built first steamboat in France • Later made Clermont in U.S. • Hudson river • Everyone wanted steamboats Text book

15. Changes the 1850’s • Increased trade and profits • News from other countries • Mail • Friends and Family • New settlers Database

16. Works Cited • Deverell, William and Deborah Gray White. United States History: Beginnings to 1877. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2007. Print. • Pictures: Google Images • "Steamboats." Gale Encyclopedia of U.S. Economic History. Ed. Thomas Carson and Mary Bonk. Detroit: Gale, 1999. U.S. History In Context. Web. 2 Apr. 2013. • Ward, Ralph T. Steamboats: A History of an Early Adventure. Indianapolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company Inc, 1973. Print.

17. 4-04Steamboats By: Katie Perera, Ethan Broitman, and Sean Condon

18. Origin and Invention • The origin of steam-powered boats in America is typically traced to Robert Fulton's experiences on the Hudson River with the Clermont in the first decade of the nineteenth century. • However, it was not invented by Fulton. There is no specific inventor of the Steamboat. • Ideas of the steamboat arose from sixteenth century Spain when Blasco de Garay, a native of Barcelona, experimented with a steamer. • In 1784, Scotsman Watt made the steam engine more efficient. Robert Fulton

19. Use and Importance • The steamboat was used to increase trade and profits because goods could be moved more efficiently and cheaply. • The steamboat was also well suited for river travel. • Steamboats helped America during its needs for better transportation. • By 1835, seven hundred steamboats were registered in US Waters. • Steam power became the most preferred method of travel for long in-land voyages. • Steamboats, overall, were invented due to a need for America to expand westward and to provide better transportation for citizens

20. Works Cited Deverell, William and Deborah Gray White. United States History: Beginnings to 1877. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 2007. Print. Images from Google Images. Hall, Stephen. “Robert Fulton.” Inventors and Discoverers: Changing Our World. Vol. I, Washington D.C: National Geographic Society, 1988. Print. Neuzil, Mark. "Steamboats." Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed. Vol. 7. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 543-544. U.S. History In Context. Web. 3 Apr. 2013.

21. 4-05COTTON GIN Garrett Strominger, Kevin Kiefer, Zach Moyer

22. Origin • Originated as a two-roller gin in India and China • In 1742, a Louisiana Planter improved the roller gin • Treadle operation was used between 1772 and 1790 • Eli Whitney, a Northern New Englander created the Cotton Gin in 1793 to increase the speed of cotton production • Whitney got his idea from visiting a Georgia plantation owned by Catherine Greene, where workers removed seeds from cotton.

23. Functions/Effects • The Cotton Gin is a machine that removes seeds from short-staple cotton. • Used a hand-cranked cylinder with wire teeth to pull cotton fibers from the seeds. • Whitney hoped to keep his creation a secret, but the machine was so useful that other manufacturers wanted to use it. • Many manufacturers improved the design, replacing the breakable wire teeth with sections of fine-toothed saw blade, creating the Saw Gin. • Because of the creation of the Cotton Gin, America went from exporting 138,000 pounds to 200 million pounds of cotton to England. • It also helped prolong the institution of slavery for many years.

24. Works Cited • Williams, Trevor. The History of Invention: From Stone Axes to Silicon Chips. New York, New York: Facts on File Publication, 1987. Print. • Wiener, Roberta. “Cotton Gin.” Encyclopedia of the New American Nation. US History in Context. Web. 2 April 2013. • White, Deberah and William Deverell. United States History: Beginnings to 1877. Auston, Texas: Holt, 2007. Print. • Google Images

25. 4-06 Nativist Movement By: Sydney Apple and Katie Erlandsen

26. Causes Effects • Industrialization gave immigrants chances for jobs • Native-Born Americans went on strike for improved wages and working conditions • Many Americans opposed immigration • Native-Born Americans feared losing their jobs • Were replaced by Immigrants • Created the Nativist Movement Nativists- Those Americans and others who opposed immigration.

27. Causes Effects • They supported measures making it difficult for foreigners to become citizens or hold office • 1849 Nativist founded a political organization, the Know-Nothing- Party • Encouraged people to join the party. • Americans began to form unions. • 1840-1850 Nativists became politically active • Unions offered death benefits, insurance, and a sense of Republican identity.

28. Causes Effects • The Nativist Movement became unpopular. • The party fell apart. • The Nativist Movement restricted immigration • There were disagreements of slavery

29. Works Cited • Burgan, Michael, et. al. ”Nativism on the Rise.” American Immagration. Vol. 1, Danbury: Grolier, 1999. Print. • Deverell, William and Deborah Gray White. United States History: Beginnings to 1877. Orlando: Holt, Rinenart and Winston, 2007. Print. • Reimers, David M. "'America for the Americans': The Nativist Movement in the United States." Journal of American Ethnic History 17.2 (1998): 93+. U.S. History In Context. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. • Pictures from: Google images

30. 4-07Prison Reform By Timmy Haas and Nathan Burns

31. Trouble in Prisons • Mentally ill were kept in same facilities as criminals • Orphans and runaway children were held as well • Chain gangs- manual labor

32. The Life of Dorothea Lynde Dix • 1802-1887 • School teacher • Sunday school teacher at a prison • Saw terrible conditions • Success in MA

33. Improvements • Facilities were built for the mentally ill • Children were no longer tried as adults • Education was substituted for punishment

34. Works Cited Axlerod, Alan, et. al. “Dix, Dorothea Lynde.” Heroes and Pioneers. New York City: Simon & Schuster Inc., 1998. Print. Brennan, Carol. “The Prison Reform Movement.” American Social Reform Movements Library. U.S. History in Context. Web. 1 April 2013. Deveral, William. United States History Beginnings to 1877. Orlando: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 2007. Print. Google Images, 2 April 2013.

35. American Anti-Slavery Society By Brandon .L and Andrew .R

36. American Anti-Slavery Society • Abolition- the legal prohibition and ending of slavery, especially of slavery of blacks in the U.S.

37. American Anti-Slavery Society • The Abolitionists were people who hated slavery and wanted to put an end to it, they used different ways to convince people. • Many people who were against slavery made pamphlets and books that moved many people and made them Anti-Slavery.

38. American Anti-Slavery Society • One of the things Abolitionists used was pictures.

39. American Anti-Slavery Society • William Lloyd Garrison was a poet who wrote abolitionist poems and convinced people to put an end to it.

40. American Anti-Slavery Society • “Resolved, That the compact which exists between the North and the South is a covenant with death and an agreement with hell; involving both parties in atrocious criminality, and should be immediately annulled. - William Lloyd Garrison.

41. 4-09Frederick Douglass and Sojourner Truth By: Ashley Yim, Grace Maurer, and Abby Steele

42. Frederick Douglass • African American leader of 1800s • Escaped slavery from Maryland in 1838 • Talented public speaker • Impressed members of the Anti-Slavery Society • Gave regular lectures • Published newspapers and autobiographies that showed the injustices of slavery • Wanted to destroy the existence of slavery in the Southern US • Changed his last name from Bailey to Douglass to cover his real identity

43. Sojourner Truth • Former slave • Her original name was Isabella • Traveled through the United States preaching about slavery and women’s rights • Became legendary because of her speeches • Gave dramatic and deep speeches during the Anti-Slavery Movement • Wrote an autobiography to inform others about her hard life as a slave

45. Works Cited Pictures from: Google Images

46. 4-10The Underground Railroad By Rachel Redlus & Devon Kendig

47. The Underground Railroad was… • Not an actual railroad • People worked together to help slaves escape the south • African Americans, former slaves, and some white abolitionists were the people involved in the escape • People arranged transportation and hiding places • They escaped to the northern states and sometimes Canada • Moved along the railroad at night led by people known as “conductors”

49. People Involved • Harriet Tubman- A former slave who escaped on the underground railroad herself and reportedly helped 300 slaves • Harriet Beecher Stowe- She wrote an anti slavery novel called Uncle Tom's Cabin, and also abetted fugitive slaves in Cincinnati • Levi Coffin- was a Quaker who lived in Indiana that aided over 3,000 slaves • Richard Dally- He was a slave himself and worked in the underground railroad for four years, helping 30 slaves escape • Many white Quakers also became involved because of religious reasons

50. Works Cited Deverell, William and Deborah White. United States History- beginnings to 1877. Austin, Texas: Holt, 2007. Print. Kallen, Stuart A., Life on the Underground Railroad. San Diego: The Way People Live, 2000. print. Pictures from Bing images "Underground Railroad." U.S. History In Context. Web. 2 Apr. 2013.