Health Psychology Leah Bray

1. Health PsychologyLeah Bray Chapter 3: Seeking Health Care

2. I. Theories of Healthy Behaviors • Health Belief Model • Theory of Reasoned Action • Theory of Planned Behavior • Precaution Adoption Process Model • Transtheoretical Model

3. Health Belief Model • Susceptibility to disease • __________ of disease • Benefits of behaviors • Barriers to behaviors

4. Problems • Perceived health risks • Level of optimism • Perceived personal control • Ethnic background

5. Theory of Reasoned Action • Attitude toward behavior • Subjective norm • DFN: perception of social pressure • Motivation to comply • __________ ___-immediate determinant

6. Problems • Ignores: • Ethnicity • SES • Access to health care

7. Theory of Planned Behavior • Theory of Reasoned Action + Perceived __________

8. Precaution Adoption Process Model (Weinstein’s) • 7 stages: • __________ • aware but believe not at risk (optimistic bias) • accept personal risk & idea of precaution

9. Precaution Adoption (cont.) • action • (believe action is unnecessary) • made changes • maintain changes

10. Transtheoretical Model (Prochaska’s) • 5 stages of behavior change: • precontemplation • contemplation • preparation • action • ______________

11. Model Weaknesses • Behavior determined by other factors • Consistent, accurate measurement tools __________ • Models predict behavior for one disorder, not another

12. Weaknesses (cont.) • Barriers beyond understanding of researchers • Not everyone seeks medical care on their own (e.g., _______________, children, elderly)

13. Disease vs. Illness • DFN: Disease- process of physical damage within the body; can exist w/o dx • DFN: Illness- experience of being sick & dx as sick

14. II. Seeking Medical Attention • DFN: Illness behavior = __________, determining health status • DFN: Sick role behavior = __________, trying to get well

15. What Affects Pt Response? 1)Personal factors 2)Gender 3) ________ 4)Socioeconomic & cultural factors 5)Characteristics of sxs 6)Conceptualization of disease

16. Conceptualizing Illness(Leventhal) • 5 components: • ________________ • Time course (of disease & tx) • Cause

17. Conceptualizing (cont.) • Consequence • Controllability • People feel less anxious & helpless when they __________

18. B. Sick Role Conceptualizations • Segall’s rights & duties • Right to make health decisions • Right to be relieved of normal ______________________ • Right to become dependent on others

19. Segall’s Duties • Duty to maintain health & get well • Duty to perform routine health care management • Duty to use health ______________ • Ideal, not realistic

20. Access to Health Care • Medicare- Americans over 65 • Medicaid- low income, physical probs. • Poor people- < likely to ______ healthcare • > likely to have chronic prob. • < willing to seek care b/c of $

21. C. Choosing a Practitioner • What’s important? • __________ • __________ • __________

23. What has Changed? • Outpatient vs. Inpatient (gallblader removal, ECT, IV drug therapy) • Hospital stays shorter-save $$ • Better technology • Patients express concern

24. III. Being in the Hospital • The Hospitalized Patient Role • Nonperson Tx = ________________

25. Lack of info • Leventhal’s 5 • Loss of control • ______________= every aspect of person’s life is managed (e.g., eating, sleeping, schedule)

26. “Good” vs. “Bad” Patient • Good: • quiet • submissive • obedient • Pros: maybe better care, well liked, expect.s • Cons: helplessness, uninvolved, pt & staff may miss info

27. Bad: • demanding • insist on __________ • aware of rights • Pros: may be a psych. healthy response, better informed • Cons: rebellious self-sabotage, staff angry & ignoring

28. Stressful Medical Procedures- Coping • Information • Relaxation Training • __________ __-especially effective for children