Presentation Transcript

1. Summary of the peace settlements, 1919-23

   The Main Issues
2. Problems Revolutionary condition of Europe Russian civil war Diverging Allied aims Competing nationalism
3. Problems contd. Desire for revenge Hunger, disease and economic chaos Allied lack of military strength as a result of demobilization.
4. Principles Independence for subject nations. International rule of law through the League of Nations. Disarmament and reparation from defeated powers.
5. Principles contd. Determination to prove German war guilt. Selective application of the 14 points. All the major decisions made by the Big 4, who became the Big 3.
6. The Versailles Settlement, June 1919 There are five treaties that make up the Paris peace settlements. The most well known is the Treaty of Versailles, which dealt specifically with Germany. The four others are St Germain, Trianon, Neuilly and Sevres/Lausanne. Apart from the clauses that dealt with specific issues, each of the treaties incorporated the Covenant of the League of Nations. (Pg 26)
7. Territorial changes Independent Poland Plebiscites in Upper Silesia, Schleswig and West Prussia Alsace-Lorraine to France Saar administered by League of Nations Germany loses colonies and foreign investments.
8. Reparations Reparation Commission fixes amount of 132 million gold marks in May 1921 Prolonged struggle to force Germany to pay, 1921-3 France occupies the Ruhr in Jan 1923 Dawes Commision Jan 1924 (Pg 39)
9. Disarmament Abolition of conscription Regular German army of 100,000 Very small fleet Allied Control Commisions in Germany until 1927 Rhineland occupied for 15 years
10. The Germans and Treaty They felt ‘pain and anger’. They were particularly angered by the War guilt clause – Clause 231 (pg 26) The Germans could not accept what was seen as a Diktat (pg 27) Turn to pgs 30/31 ‘German reactions to the Terms of the Treaty 1) Identify the general German reaction to the Treaty, through analysis of sources B and C? 2) What evidence supports or refutes their attitudes?
11. Allied verdicts on the Treaty Clemenceau; liked the harsh things in the treaty: Reparations would repair the damage to France. The tiny German army, and the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland would protect France. France got Alsace-Lorraine, and German colonies. He wanted the Treaty to be harsher!!!!
12. Allied verdicts contd. Wilson; He got self-determination for the peoples of Eastern Europe, and a League of Nations, but he hated the Treaty: few of his “Fourteen Points” got into the Treaty. when Wilson returned to America, the senate refused to join the League of Nations because of its opposition to Article X (pg 29) they even refused to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
13. Allied verdicts contd. Lloyd George: Many British people wanted to make “Germany pay”, but Lloyd George hated the treaty. He only liked the fact that Britain got some German colonies. The small German Navy, which helped British sea-power. He thought the Treaty was far too harsh “We shall have to fight another war in 25 years time”
14. Allies verdicts contd. John Maynard Keynes, a prominent British economist, wrote a book on the harshness of the Treaty of Versailles. (pg 28) He called it a Carthaginian peace based on a spirit of revenge. As a result of his attacks people in GB began to see the Treaty as unfair to Germany. Including Lloyd George who reflected on this in his Fontainebleau memorandum on the terms of the Treaty of Versailles.
15. Source Analysis Activity Turn to pg 30 in your IB book. Source A has many different comments regarding the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Identify the authors and then with reference to the origin and purpose of each of these sources discuss its value and limitations.
16. The Eastern European, Balkan and Near East peace settlments Four other treaties were made with the four other countries that had helped Germany. They were written by officials. They just followed the principles of the Treaty of Versailles. The Treaties were all named after the parts of Paris in which they were signed. All four countries had to pay reparations, disarm and they all lost land The treaties created new nation states in Eastern Europe out of the old A-H Empire
17. Treaty of St Germain Dealt with Austria, its Empire was gone and split up. Czechoslovakia was set up Slovenia, Bosnia and Dalmatia became Yugoslavia Istria, Trieste and S.Tyrol to Italy Galicia to Poland Austria was not allowed to integrate with Germany
18. Treaty of Trianon This was the harshest of the four small treaties it dealt with Hungary It left one third of Hungarians outside its borders Hungary lost 2/3 of its pre-war territory to Austria, Czechoslovakia and Romania. Hungary was humiliated and insulted…Big 3 did not care
19. Treaty of Neuilly This was mild in comparison to the Treaty of Trianon It dealt with Bulgaria Bulgaria lost territory to Greece, Romania and Yugoslavia
20. Treaty of Sevres Dealt with Turkey Turks cede Middle East empire; Greeks gain Thrace; Straits controlled by the Allies Liberation of the Arab states Mandates of Britain and France Turks rebelled when Asia Minor was carved up This treaty was revised at Lausanne, 1923: Greeks were expelled, Constantinople was given back to Turkey
21. Self-determination The treaties created new nation states; Czechs and Slovaks in Czecholovakia Hungarians in Hungary Austrians in Austria Poles in Poland Slavs in Yugoslavia It seems Wilson’s ideals of self-determination was a success….
22. Problems with self-determination Self-determination causes small wars; Poland went to war with Russia and took more land Czechs and Poles fought over the town of Teschen An army of Italians marched into the Yugoslavian town of Fiume
23. Treaty of Riga This was a lesser known treaty Russia defeated by Poland, August 1920 Poland’s eastern frontiers fixed by the Treaty of Riga, March 1921
24. More problems with self-determination Self-determination was not allowed for Germany A large number of small, weak countries were created, which Hitler easily conquered later All the new nation states had racial minorities living in them
25. Treaty of Rapallo Signed in 1922 between Germany and the USSR A consequence of Germany and the Soviets being excluded from the League of Nations A treaty of mutual assistance that allowed Germany to develop weapons in violation of the Versailles Treaty Germany’s status as an outlaw encouraged her to evade the restrictions placed on her by any means possible