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Reluctant Revolutionaries

Reluctant Revolutionaries. Mercantilism. High Tariffs Building overseas colonies; Forbidding colonies to trade with other nations; Monopolizing markets with staple ports; Banning the export of gold and silver, even for payments; Forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships;

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Reluctant Revolutionaries

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  1. Reluctant Revolutionaries

  2. Mercantilism • High Tariffs • Building overseas colonies; • Forbidding colonies to trade with other nations; • Monopolizing markets with staple ports; • Banning the export of gold and silver, even for payments; • Forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships; • Export subsidies; • Promoting manufacturing with research or direct subsidies; • Limiting wages; • Maximizing the use of domestic resources;

  3. Mercantilism Guides Colonial Policy • New World existed to strengthen the “mother country” • Protection from Native Americans & other European Powers • Exported • raw materials & food • indigo, cotton, and furs • Gold, silver, and iron ore

  4. Colonial Trade Restrictions & society • Closed Markets • Value of imports exceeded the value of exports • Shortage of gold & silver • Colonial Society • Separate Identity • Democratic • White men were more likely o be involved in the decision making process • Self-Employed • Farmers • Literate • Much higher percentage were able to read and write

  5. What Role Did Smuggling Play in the Colonies? • British exercised lax control • Smuggling was rampant • ½ the imported cargo • John Hancock • Exported to France, Spain, and Dutch ports • Paid in gold

  6. What powers did the colonists have in their governments? • Enjoyed the same rights but lacked a voice in Parliament • Taxes & Trade • Colonial Government • Governor • Appointed by the monarch • Council • Legislation • Paid the governors’ salaries • “Power of the Purse”

  7. The Rights of Englishmen • Magna Carta, 1215 • Judged by peers • No selling of citizens • King James I (Stuarts) • “Divine Right” to lead • resented the constitution • House of Commons revolt • Glorious Revolution, 1688 • Edict of Nantes reinstated

  8. Glorious Revolution & Mr. Locke • John Locke • Government was not legitimate with out the consent of society • Dispose of a failed government • Social Contract • Allegiance to the monarchy not parliament • Question parliament’s authority-follow laws for which they did not give their consent

  9. The Widening Split 1763-1765

  10. Price of an of Empire • French & Indian War • # of British troops in England were unprecedented • Permitted westward expansion • 140 million pounds of debt • Requested help the colonies • At blame & pay fewer taxes

  11. How did Tighten Control on the American Colonies? • Increased Taxation • 7,500 British troops along the frontier • Sugar Act, 1764 • 6 pence to 3 pence a gallon • Tax was now enforced • Rum • Naval courts tried smugglers • Stamp Act, 1765 • Legal paperwork & playing cards • Westward Expansion • Further from the Atlantic=less reliant on Great Britain • Proclamation of 1763 • Forbade colonial settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains • Colonists ignored

  12. How did the colonists protest against British controls? • Patriots • “Sons of Liberty” • Boycotts & Mobs • No punishment • Did not want representation in Parliament • South Carolina and Virginia • Only colonial legislators could tax the colonies • “Hornets Nest of Protest” • Earmarked for frontier soldiers • “unlawful, unconstitutional, and unprecedented” • No say in tax policy (parliament) • Taxes on imports vs. taxes to raise revenue

  13. What was Pitt’s Compromise? • Stamp & Sugar Act • Repealed 1766 • Declaratory Act • Parliament had full authority over the colonies “in all cases whatsoever” • “I stand up for the kingdom. I maintain, that the Parliament has a right to bind, to restrain America…When two countries are connected together, like England and her colonies, he one must necessarily govern, the greater must rule the less, but so rule it as not to contradict the fundamental principles that are common to both.” William Pitt

  14. Taxation without Representation • Townshend Acts • Tax on imports before unloading in American ports

  15. How did colonists react to the Townshend act • Boston “Massacre” • 1770, Townshend Acts repealed • 1773, Tea Act • “No body can have the power to make laws over a free people, but by their own consent” • Samuel Adams • Boycotts • Pamphlets equating colonists to slaves • Burning of stores & ships

  16. What Caused the Boston Tea Party? • “Boston Tea Party” • “Sons of Liberty” destroyed an entire shipment of tea • East Indian Company sold directly to the colonists • Taxed Indian tea was cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea • “taxation without representation” • “Tar & Feathered”

  17. How did the Intolerable Acts backfire on Britain? • Intolerable Acts • Closed the port of Boston & suspended the Charter of Massachusetts • First Continental Congress • Philadelphia, 1774 • Loyalty to King George III • None for Parliament • Boycott trade with Britain • Form militias • Trained by the British to protect themselves from the Native Americans • Men were required to own a musket

  18. The Shot Heard ‘Round the World • April 19, 1775 • British troops were to take a weapon supply in Concord • Lexington, MA • British killed 8 minutemen • British returned to Boston • 73 dead • General Gage • Lax in his treatment of the colonies • Colonists were stockpiling weapons

  19. Defending their rights as British citizens…

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